MICRO FINAL

Which of these is defined as destruction of ALL viable/active microbes?

Sterilization

Wiping down an IV apparatus in a hospital with alcohol in order to kill most microbes and prevent infections and other patients would be considered

Disinfection

For prepping a patients skin for surgery you want to use

an antiseptic (just disinfection of the skin or tissue)

sterilization

sterilant

disinfection

disinfectant

antisepsis

antiseptic

sanitation

soaps and detergents

Considerations/Factors that influence killing rate of physical and chemical methods

time, amount?, spore former, material present

-cidal

bactericidal, fungicidal, (killing)

-Static

bacteriostatic, fungistatic, (stop growth)

Would you rather use a bactericidal chemical or a bacteriostatic chemical?

Bactericidal because you want to kill as much harmful bacteria as possible

which is more affective control measure? heat or cold?

Sterilization\=heat
bacterialostatic\=cold

How does heat kill microorganisms?

by denaturing their enzymes and membranes

Factors that effect heat killing ability

temp., length, and moist vs. dry heat

which is more affective? Moist or dry heat?

most heat is 121 degrees C (sterile temp) and it penetrates things

which of the following is a sterilization technique?

autoclaving

ionizing radiation kills microbes by...

creation of breaks in the DNA

Sterilization:

-autoclaving
-ionizing radiation
-hot air oven

Disinfection

-Pasteurization
-Boiling
-UV light

Decontamination

-Filtration

efficacy is affected by?

-concentration
-length of exposure
-what you are trying to disinfect/sterilize

chemicals to know:

hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and ethylene oxide are TRUE STERILES

Give the best and most reasonable effective physical or chemical sterilization method for anthrax contaminated mail

ionizing radiation

Room air

filtration

pot of soil

dry heat

human wig

ionizing radiation

fruit in plastic bags

ionizing radiation

Autoclaving

Method of sterilization using steam under pressure

hot air oven

Sterilizing oils, glassware, sharp instruments, metals.
Some materials are destroyed by heat.

Pasteurization

A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria without changing the taste of the food.

Boiling

vaporization that occurs on and below the surface of a liquid

ionizing radiation

enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, X-rays, UV)

non-ionizing radiation

UV light

Filteration

A process that separates materials based on the size of their particles.

microbial genetics

the study of how microbes inherit traits (genes) (not ancestors)

Genome

entire genetic makeup of organism

extrachromosomal DNA

-plasmids: small, replicating DNA
-mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA

Gene

discrete segment of DNA responsible for producing a protein

Nucleotides

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases

5' to 3'

leading strand

anit-parallel

DNA

base pairing

Adenine + Thymine, Cytosine + Guanine/ Uracil (RNA)

double helix

Shape of DNA

Gene to mRNA to protein

DNA
folds into a 3D shape
one gene--\> one polypeptide

Purpose of transcription

to create an RNA copy of gene information

which of these enzymes is involved in transcription

RNA polymerase (an enzyme that makes something)

codons are present in

mRNA
DNA\---\>mRNA
codons have 3 bases

which of the following is not involved in translation

DNA
mRNA--ribosome--\>proteins

Transcription--gene\---mRNA

synthesis of ribonucleic acid (mRNA) using DNA as a template

during transcription what does DNA do?

IT STAYS PUT DAMNIT!!! mRNA made off of DNA template

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that

the backbone of RNA contains ribose/uracil and DNA contains deoxyribose

Transcription occurs in the

Eukaryotic- Nucleus
Prokaryotic- Nucleoid/cytoplasm

what types of cells would carry out in the cytoplasm?

prokaryotic cells

Translation (mRNA to protein)

translates the nucleic acid code (mRNA) into a polypeptide

Polypeptide

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

What turns mRNA into proteins

ribosomes do this in the cytoplasm

transcription is when template strand is copied but...

adenine becomes uracil

translation is.....

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain (Gly, Asn, Pro, etc)

4 codons\= 12 bases
300 bases\=?

100 codons

what is the function of mRNA?

To bring the instructions to make a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome. (like blueprints)

ATG AAT GCA AGC TAT TGA

TEMPLATE STRAND?

Transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

RNA polymerase

makes RNA using DNA as a template
core enzyme
sigma factor
recognizes and binds promoter sequence
at the beginning of each gene

RNA grows in what direction?

5' to 3'

what stops at termination sequence?

transcription

sigma factor

a protein that associates with RNA polymerase that facilitates its binding to specific promoters

core enzyme

the enzyme responsible for catalysis in a multipart holoenzyme

promoter recognition sites

found at the beginning of genes

Promoter

specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription

2 regions in promoter

1. RNA polymerase recognition site at 35
2. TATA box at 10
sometimes called consensus sequence

Promoters are recognized by

sigma factor and RNA polymerase

extra step in eukaryotic cells

newly made mRNA must be processed in Eukaryotic cells by having ends altered and splicing

which of the following is a modification or prokaryotic RNA

NONE OF THE ABOVE
so not intron removal, poly(A) tail, or 5' Cap

what is the purpose of translation

Read/follow the instructions carried on the mRNA to make a protein

Where does translation occur?

cytoplasm

what cell structure is involved in translation

ribosomes

In eukaryotes, translation begins .....

when mRNA leaves the nucleus

2 additional types of RNA used in translation

tRNA (transfer RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

translation 'complex' involves....

ribosome, rRNA, and tRNA amino acids

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
base pairs itself to form loops

anti-codon loop

part of tRNA that pairs with complementary codon in mRNA
must be loaded with the right amino acid

2 subunits of ribosomes

large subunit and small subunit

proteins and rRNA are assembled in...

the nucleus

3 structural sites

A site, P site, and E site

A- Aminoacyl

tRNA site (amino acid site)

P- Peptidyl

tRNA site (polypeptide site)

E site

the exit site, where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome

Translation steps

initiation, elongation, termination

as the ribosome translocates along an mRNA molecule by one codon, which of the following occurs?

the tRNA that was in the A site moves to the P site

if the sequence of an mRNA codon were UCA what would the sequence of the corresponding anti-codon on the tRNA

AGU

Post-translation events

folds
sugars and or lipids added
attached to other polypeptide chains
cut
remain in cytoplasm or tangled for organelles in Eukaryotes

what is the difference between gene expression (transcription and translation) in eukaryotic cells versus prokaryotic cells?

where they take place within the cell
either the nucleus, cytoplasm, or both

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

it brings the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome

GGATTACCC

CCUAAUGGG
Pro-Asn-Gly
always convert codons first

what gets transferred?

genes

what are the genes that get transferred

plasmids and chromosomal DNA
major way genes spread within bacteria

mode of gene transmission

conjugation, transformation, and transduction

Conjugation

plasmid and chromosomal DNA

Transformation

naked DNA-plasmid or chromosomal DNA

Transduction

bacteria viruses (bacteriophage) mainly chromosomal DNA