Ch.9 Digestive System and Nutrition

anus

esophagus

gallbladder

large intestine

liver

mouth

pancreas

pharynx

rectum

salivary glands

small intestine

stomach

Break down using water

hydrolyze

water, salts, vitamins, and minerals are

absorbed

large polymers are often too large to cross the

plasma membrane

when we take food through our mouth

ingestion

breakdown of larger pieces into smaller pieces

digestion

chewing in mouth; wavelike contractions of smooth muscle in stomach

mechanical digestion

digestive enzymes hydrolyze our food’s macromolecule; mouth → stomach → small intestine

chemical digestion

food passed from one organ to the next

movement

contractions of smooth muscle

peristalsis

subunit molecules cross the wall of the GI tract and enter cells lining the tract

absorption

removes molecules that can’t be digested

elimination

elimination through anus

defecation

open area of a hollow organ or vessel

lumen

central space where food is digested

GI tract

lumen

mucosa

muscularis

serosa

submucosa

inner; secretes mucus; glands also release digestive enzymes

mucosa

mucus portions have pushed through layers and formed pouches

diverticulosis

food can become infected in diverticulosis pouches

diverticulitis

second layer; loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

submucosa

blood vessels of submucosa can be a site of inflammatory response

inflammatory bowel disease

lymph nodules of submucosa

Peyer’s patches

third layer; responsible for movement of food

muscularis

too much contraction in muscularis

irritable bowel syndrome

fourth layer; part of peritoneum; secretes lubrication

serosa

another word for mouth

oral cavity

bounded by lips, cheeks

mouth

separates oral and nasal cavities

roof

hard palate of mouth is made of this

bones

finger-shaped projections on soft palate

uvula

soft palate of mouth is made of this

muscle, uvula

canine

hard palate

incisors

molars

premolars

soft palate

tonsil

uvula

cementum

crown

dentin

enamel

gum

jawbone

periodontal membrane

pulp

root canal

root

first pair of salivary glands swells

mumps

___ pair of salivary glands are beneath tongue

second

___ pair of salivary glands beneath oral cavity

third

chemical digestion of starch enzyme

salivary amylase

buffer with salivary amylase

bicarbonate

antimicrobial compound with salivary amylase

lysozyme

baby teeth

deciduous

___ baby teeth

20

___ adult teeth

32

hard outer covering of calcium in crown

enamel

fluoride treatments make this stronger

enamel

bone of tooth between crown and root

dentin

nerves, blood vessels in crown (also in root)

inner pump

anchor tooth to jawbone

periodontal membranes

cavities occur when bacteria in mouth metabolizes ___

sugar

inflammation of gums

gingivits

gingivitis spreads to tooth socket (→ loss of bone, loosening of teeth)

periodontitis

tongue has mucous membrane with

taste buds

food into mass

bolus

opens into esophagus and trachea

pharynx

___ moves back to close off the nasal passages and the trachea moves up under epiglottis, covers glottis

soft palate

covering glottis prevents ___ during swallowing

breathing

glottis not covered enough →

cough

bolus

esophagus

esophagus

glottis

larynx

nasopharynx

peristaltic

relaxes

trachea

___ moves food through esophagus

peristalsis

___ has no role in chemical digestion

esophagus

esophagus to stomach: ___ (acts as a valve)

lower gastroesophageal sphincter

when lower gastroesophageal sphincter fails to open

heartburn