Big Russia Things

number of ethnic groups in russia in 1855

over 100

percentage of the population who were russian orthodox 1855

70

who advised the tsar

imperial council of nobles

number of conscripted serfts in army under alex ii

1\.5m

how long conscripts had to stay in the army and live in military colonies that were later abandoned by alex ii

25 years

what percentage of the population were russian 1855

56%

the dates of the crimean war

1853-56

the name of the treaty that ended the crimean war

treaty of paris 1856

year of the emancipation of privately-owned serfs

1861

how many years of temporary obligation did serfs owe their former landlords

2

how many years did serfs have to make redemption payments for

49

in 1881 what percentage of serfs were still temporarily obligated

15

how many farmers were able to grow a surplus in 1878

half

after military reforms, what were the new criteria for conscription

all classes over 21 for 15 years

when were military colleges and education campaigns used

1870s/90s

in what year were the town dumas set up under alex ii

1870

what were the principles of the new judicial reforms

equality before the law and innocent until proven guilty

unis could govern themselves and appoint own staff, schooling under control of zemstva not church, primary ed extended with new ‘modern schools’ as well as gimnazii

educational reforms under golovnin

number of primary schools by 1880

23,000

how many books were published in russia by 1894 following a relaxation in censorship

10,700

what year was the first of several assassination attempts made on alex ii that motivated him to adopt more repressive policy

1866

tolstoy mst of ed, mst of interior, head of 3rd section and pahlen mst of justice

conservative appointments made by alex ii later

what year was the law changed so that only pupils from gimnazii could go to uni

1871

from what year could political offenders be tried in military courts and exiled

1879

what year were the trials of revolutionaries esp populists transferred to secret courts having been show trials formerly

1878

free political prisoners, abolish third section and replace with okhrana dept of police, relaxed censorship, zemstva to be involved in decrees

loris melikov proposals 1880

why were the years 1877-80 so bad in russia

russo-turkish war and famine

what year what alex ii assassinated by people’s will in st p

1881

1881 manifesto on unshakable autocracy and law on exceptional measures allowed reduced civil liberties

alex iii reaction to assassination

the position of land captain is created, they can override zemstvo elections, overturn volost court rulings and responsible for law enforcement

1889

acts to reduce the peasant vote in the zemstva and place it under central government control followed a similar act for town dumas

1890 and 1892

okhrana led by plehve, number of police increased, recruitment of more spies and agents provocateurs to root out revolutionaries

alex iii

statute on police surveillance allowed for detention and exile of anyone

1882

1880s minister of justice could dismiss judges, could hold closed court sessions, and qualifications for jurors raised

judicial counter reform

what year did uni staff have to be approved by the ministry of education

1884

unis closed to women, students banned from gathering in groups larger than 5, and poor children limited to primary education which was once again under the control of the orthodox church

education counter reform

what percentage of the population were literate by 1897

21

allowed newspapers to be closed down, publishers to be banned and controlled what books were allowed to be stocked by libraries and shops, and russification extended to theatre and the arts

temporary regulations 1882

small reform under alex iii redemption payments decreased and cancelled in 37 provinces

1881

poll tax abolished and new inheritance tax introduced by alex iii

1885

peasants’ land bank est

1883

how many polish people were involved in the creation of the underground national government that used guerrilla tactics against tsarist forces crushed in 1864

200,000

what did alex ii use to assert control over national minorities e.g., allowing latvians and estonians to convert back to lutheranism and finns their own diet

concessions

what year was the use of the ukrainian language prohibited in publications and performance

1876

alex iii reorganised the finnish diet to weaken its influence and introduced russian currency, polish national bank closed 1885 and all teaching had to be in russian, ltd use of ukrainian langauge and closed their theatres

russification

why were conscripts from different national groups dispersed in the army

to prevent nationalist uprisings

when was the use of the russian langauge enforced in all state offices, schools, police and judiciary

1880s

how many lutherans were converted to orthodoxy in the baltic region

37,000

polish and catholic monasteries closed down, forced mass baptisms in asia, religious dress and conversion from orthodoxy banned on pain of exile to siberia

religious policy

number of cases of mass disturbance of ethnic groups including georgians where the police were used 1888

330

secret publication of non-russian books and petitioning the tsar for more liberties

how minorities fought back

how many jewish people were there living in russia under the tsars and where did most of them live except under alex ii where they were allowed to live outside

5m pale of settlement

who said 1/3 die, 1/3 assimilate and 1/3 emigrate

pobedonostsev

what did the press do to encourage antisemitism

blame jewish people for alex ii assassination

when were the pogroms mostly co-ordinated by the holy league who were later banned in 1882 where shops and property were destroyed

1881/4

where were jews expelled from after rioting and pogroms extended to 16 major cities

kiev

in 1891/2 how many jewish artisans were expelled from moscow

10,000

year that jewish businesses ordered to close down

1882

year that quotas for jewish people in schools 10% inside pale 5% outside and those with a degree from outside the pale forced to live within it

1887

the year jewish people were forbidden from buying property in certain provinces

1891

year jews banned from participating in local elections and banned from standing in duma elections

1892

year it becomes illegal for jewish people to have christian name

1893

the two groups that the moderate liberal opposition were split into attracted to ideas like nihilism and anarchism

westernisers and slavophiles

the year young russia accused of fires in st p that destroyed 2000 shops

1862

the year the organisation set up with moscow uni students

1863

what is to be done 1862 called for what

peasant led revolution

what did the radical journal the bell smuggled into russia illegally advocate for

peasant based social structure

the year anarchist and communist mikhail bakunin translates marx’s communist manifesto into russian

1869

year das kapital begins publication in russia helped by tchaicovsky circle and emancipation of labour groups

1872

name of manifesto written by bakunin and nechaev 1869 smuggled into russia and advocated violent revolution

catechism of a revolutionary

what year was the tchaikovsky circle set up in st p, 100 members organised printing and distribution of revolutionary literature and from 1872 sent workers out to the peasants to organise social revolution

1868

of the 2000 young intelligentsia sent by lavrov to stir up post emancipation resentment in 1874 how many were arrested

1600

what year was land and liberty est who worked within the mir to gain peasant trust

1877

who did land and liberty assassinate in 1878

head of the third section

in 1879 what two groups did land and liberty separate into

black repartition and peoples will

new tax collection arrangements, banks and credit facilities extended, decreased import duties, subsidised railway development and encouraged fdi leading to 6% growth

reforms of von reutern

years that oil extraction and ironworks opened in donetsk

1871/2

amount of government expenditure spent on debt

1/3

dominant industry in russia under the tsars

textiles and grain

1880s, 30% import duty on raw materials, foreign loans, increased indirect taxes to increase grain exports by 18%

reforms of vyshnegradsky

how many people died in the great famine of 1891/2

350,000

economic modernisation to reduce revolutionary activity, increased tariffs and tax, forced exports, 280m roubles fdi 1895 and rail contracts and foreign engineers

reforms of witte

average peasant land received after emancipation

4 hectares

year peasant land banks est to loan peasants money to buy more land although 2/3 already in debt

1885

number of businesses opened by the landed elite after emancipation

700

number of landed elite employed in commerce and industry

2500

percentage of population made up by middle class 1897

1

percentage of population made up by proletariat

2

how many illegal strikes per year under alex iii

33

life expectancy for men under tsars

27

priests important in reading out tsarist decrees, when was their education increased to increase tsarist control

1862

name of a radical sect of the orthodox church who were persecuted

old believers

number of pagans, muslims, lutherans and catholics forced baptised

around 100,000

which antisemitic organisations did nic ii support

black hundreds

how many died at nic ii corronation

1400

peasants disturbances in countryside under nic ii burnt grain and attacked landlords

years of the red cockerel

number of strikes in 1904

90,000

year okhrana-sponsored unions est under zubatov before he was exiled in 1903 because his odessa union went on strike

1900

number of members of the st p union of factory workers led by father gapon who had church and state support

8000

year russo japanese war starts after assault on naval base at port arthur and plehve encourages tsar to go to short war but later assassinated to much celebrating

1904