Biol 1201

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155 Terms

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plasma membrane
The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
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Ribosomes
complexes that make proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope
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Golgi apparatus
active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products
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Lysosome
digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed, and autophagy
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Mitachondrion
organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated
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Cytoskeleton
reinforces cell's shape; functions in cell movement; components are made of protein. Includes: Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough (ribosome-studded) and smooth regions
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Rough ER
protein synthesis
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Smooth ER
lipid synthesis
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calcium ion storage

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poison detoxification

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Nucleolus
nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli
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Chromatin
material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes
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cell wall
outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein
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Chloroplast
photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules
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central vacuole
prominent organelle in older plant cells; storage, breakdown of waste products, hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of vacuole major mechanism of plant growth.
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Part complete

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The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to \_____ electrons.
2
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Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?
The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons
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What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?
the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell
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What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
covalent
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A(n) \_____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
molecule
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This atom can form up to \_____ single covalent bond(s)
4
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A(n) \_____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms.
double covalent
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Part complete

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What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
6
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Part complete

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Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?
these atoms are isotopes
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Fluorine's atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?
10
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An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?
5
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A water molecule can bond to up to \_____ other water molecules by \____ bonds.
4 .... hydrogen
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Part complete

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The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule \_____.
polar
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The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its \_____.
electronegativity
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In this molecule, what type of bond is found between the oxygen and hydrogens?
polar covalent
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Which of these bonds is weakest?
hydrogen bond
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Why isn't this insect drowning?
surface tension
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What is the pH of an aqueous solution with the hydronium ion concentration[H3O+] \= 2 x 10-14 M ?
13.7
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What is the molar concentration of [H3O+] in a cola that has a pH of 3.120?
7.59 x 10 ^-4
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Acidic solution: pH < 7

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Neutral solution: pH \= 7

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Basic solution: pH \> 7
pH scale
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Which molecules show an appropriate number of bonds around each carbon atom?

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alcohol
is polar and makes compounds more soluble in water (O-H)
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carboxylic acid
acts as an acid
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may be a structural isomer of a ketone
aldehyde (C\=O)
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forms disulfide bonds
thiol (S-H)
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amine
acts as a base
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organic phosphate
contributes negative charge
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L-dopa is used to treat \_____.
Parkinson's disease
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What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson's disease?
none
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structural isomers
differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms
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cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers)
differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond
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enantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other
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Glycogen
a polysaccharide found in animals
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glucose + glucose —\> \_____ by \_____.
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
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dehydration synthesis
Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.
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Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
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Maltose
the disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules are linked by dehydration synthesis
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Which of these is a source of lactose?
lactose is the sugar found in MILK
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Which of these is a polysaccharide?
cellulose
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\_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
cellulose
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Glucose
A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
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Starch
Storage polysaccharide of plants.
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Sucrose
glucose + fructose
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Cellulose
polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls
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What is another name for a condensation reaction?
dehydration
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Carbohydrate polymers are made up of \_______ monomers.
simple sugar
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Protein polymers are made up of \________ monomers.
amino acid
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Nucleic acid polymers are made up of \________ monomers
nucleotide
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Part complete

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Which of these is NOT a lipid?

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1. phospholipid

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2. RNA

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3. cholesterol
RNA (nucleic acid)
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saturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have NO DOUBLE bonds between carbon atoms
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unsaturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
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nucleic acid
a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.
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protein
An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells
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amino acid
Building blocks of protein
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Phospholipid
composed of a phosphate group, a glycerol, and fatty acids.
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Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?
olive oil (plant oil)
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A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role \_____.
As a component of animal cell membranes
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Proteins are polymers of \_____.
amino acids
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What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
peptide
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Which of these illustrates the secondary structure of a protein?
Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are characteristic of a protein's secondary structure.
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The secondary structure of a protein results from \_____.
hydrogen bonds
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Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on \_____.
peptide bonds
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ionic bond
the attraction between oppositely charged ions (metal)
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hydrogen bond
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
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If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
3'-TAAACG-5'
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If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
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The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by \_____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
hydrogen bonds
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A nucleotide is composed of a(n) \_____.
phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
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plant cell only
chloroplast, cellulose cell wall, central vacuole
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animal cell only
centriole
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Both animal and plant cells
mitochondrion
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Golgi apparatus

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nucleus

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endoplasmic reticulum