anatomy #1 review

what is anatomy?

the study of structure of the body

What are the qualities of the anatomical position?

used as reference point; head level, eyes forward, upper limbs to your side with palms up, lower limbs parallel, feet flat on floor

prone

face down

supine

face up

superior

above

inferior

below

cranial

towards head

caudal

towards tail

rostral

towards nose

medial

towards midline

lateral

away from midline

ventral

towards belly

dorsal

towards back/spine

proximal

towards the trunk

distal

away from trunk

anterior

front side

posterior

back side

superficial

towards surface

deep

away from surface

frontal

forehead

orbital

eyes

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

mental

chin

cervical

neck

sternal

breastbone

axillary

armpit

mammory

nipple

umbilical

belly button

pelvic

pelvis

inguinal

groin

pubic

genital region

acromial

shoulder

brachial

arm

antecubital

front of elbow

antebrachium

forearm

carpal

wrist

pollex

thumb

palmar

palm

index

pointer finger

coxal

hip

femoral

thigh

patellar

kneecap

crural

leg/shin

fibular

side of leg

tarsal

ankle

metatarsal

top of foot

hallux

big toe

otic

ear

occipital

back of head

scapular

shoulder blade

vertebral

spinal column

lumbar

lower back

sacral

between hips

gluteal

buttock

Perineal

between anus and external genitalia

popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

Calcaneal

heel of foot

plantar

sole of foot

what are sections?

cut made along a plane

how many planes are there and what are they?

frontal plane/coral, saggiato, transverse, oblique

frontal plane/coral

divides anterior and posterior

saggital plane

divides left and right portion

transverse plane

horizontal cut, divides superior and inferior

oblique plane

a plane in any direction but vertical and horizontal

unilateral

one side

bilateral

two sides

ipsilateral

same side of the body

contralateral

opposite side of the body

cranial canvity

contains the brain

vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

chest

what cavities do abdominopelvic cavity contain?

abdominal cavity (abdomen) and pelvic cavity (pelvis)

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

liver

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

stomach

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

cecum

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

sigmoid colon (large intestine)

what lines are important in the abdominopelvic regions?

subcostal line and transtubercular line

plasma membrane

boundary of cell (separates inside and out), regulates what can enter and exit, selectively permeable (O, CO2, and small lipids can PASS; large, charges and polar molecules are REPELLED)

cutoskeletob

protein filaments inside the cell, helps shape cell and provide structure

microtubules

thickets, involved in cell movement

intermediate filaments

middle thickness, very tough

microfilaments

thinnest, involved in contraction

what are the 3 types of filaments cytoskeleton is formed by?

1. Intermediate filaments (fibrous protein, toughest, rope-like); 2. Microtubules (made of globular tubular subunits, transport, provides "tracks"); 3. Actin filaments made of globular actin subunits, type of microfilament, muscle contraction

cilia

moves substances across cell surface

flagella

propel cell through environment (in humans, only sperm cells have flagella)

ribosomes

protein production, may be free in cytosol or bound to an organelle

what are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum and what do they do?

rough er (protein production for exported or membrane-bound proteins) and smooth ER (lipid production, detox)

Golgi apparatus

sorting and shipping proteins for export from the cell

mitochondria

atp production, site of cellular respiration

nucleus

storage and organization of DNA

nucleolus

area for ribosome assembly

tight junctions

Transmembrane proteins fuse outer surfaces of cells together, Leaves very little space between cells \= leak-proof, and Could be compromised by friction

desmosomes

Stronger attachment, has PLAQUE (dense layer of proteins), attaches to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton, CADHERINS (transmembrane glycoproteins), Very strong, resistant to friction and stress, and Found in skin and cardiac muscle

gap junctions

Electrochemically couple cells, has connexins and connexons, and allow movement of ions and small molecules from one cell to the next

connexins

transmembrane proteins

connexonx

fluid-filled tunnel formed by rind of connexins

what transmissions and diffusions do gap junctions do and ex.?

Rapid transmission of nerve and muscle impulses (EX: Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, Diffusion of nutrients and wastes for cells far from a capillary (EX: Compact bone, lens, cornea)

epithelial tissue

cells arranged in continuous sheets (closely packed with little intercellular space), always has a free apical surface exposed to lumen or open space