Human geo all vocab

Hierarchical diffusion

idea or innovation spreads by first passing among the most connected places and people

time-distance decay

the further something is away, the less frequent the interaction will be

contagious diffusion

the spread of ideas/traits from a hearth outward through direct contact

stimulus diffusion

a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

globalization

the expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact

cultural landscape

shown as areas that have been altered by humans

perceptual region

place believed to exist as part of cultural identity or the way a person views a place

environmental determinism

how does our environment change or influence our activites

cultural diffusion

the expansion and adoption of a cultural element from its place of origin to a wider area

formal region

areas determined by a governing body or has a similar characteristic

sense of place

infusing a place w/ meaning and emotion, recall important events associated with it

functional region

a region around a central node tied by transportation and communication

relocation diffusion

the spread of cultural traits though physical movement of people

expansion diffusion

the spread of information, ideas, and goods from one place in the world to another

sequent occupance

societies leave their cultural imprints on a place

possbilism

theory that physical environment may set limits on human development, but humans can adapt and succeed regardless

remote sensing

collection data about earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet

choropleth map

map that shows data in relation to color, intensity and shade

cartogram

types of maps that distort reality to convey information, resize and exaggerate a variable value

gis

framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data

place

a specific point on earth distinguished by particular characteristics

human environment interaction

how people interact and change the place of location

absolute location

its exact place on earth often given in terms of latitude and longitude

thematic map

map focused and emphasis on a particular topic

mental map

image or picture of the way space is location determined by someone’s perception

isoline map

map that uses continues lines connection area of same value (think weather people map/radar)

reference map

displays the boundaries, names, and unique identifiers of geographic areas

dot map

each dot on a map represents an amount of data

arithmetic population density

population of a country expressed as an average per unit area

physiological population density

the number of people per unit of area of arable land

crude birth rate

the number of live births yearly per thousand of the population

crude death rate

the number of deaths yearly per thousand of the population

demographic transition

multi-stage model showing changes in birth and death rates

infant mortality rate

describes the number of babies that die within the first year of life

pro-natalist policies

govt polices that encourage large families and population growth (expansive)

anti-natalist polices

govt polices that control fertility and population growth (restrictive)

population pyramid

visual representation of age and sex composition of a population

remittances

money migrants send back to family and friends in their home country

transhuance

seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists between pastures

gravity model

prediction of interaction based on population and distance between

pull factors

positive conditions and perception that attract people to new locales

push factors

negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave

intervening opportunity

presence of a nearer opportunity, lessens attractiveness of further sites

asylum seeker

one wanting shelter and protection in one state and is from another state

step migration

movement that occurs in stages (village>town>city)

malthusian theory

argues the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food production

dependency ratio

number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

epidemiological transition model

shows the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the dtm

totally fertility rate

average number of children born to a women during childbearing years

endemic

a disease that is particular to a locality

epidemic

a disease that is a regional outbreak

cyclic movement

shorter, regular trips away for a defined amount of time, back to home base, w/in activity spaces (commuting)

periodic movement

involves temporary, recurrent movement

repatriation

refugees returning to their home country, usually with gov assistance

internally displaced people

people who have been moved w/in country, don’t cross borders

human trafficking

forced migration w/ criminal elements of forced labor/sex trafficking

pandemic

a disease that is a global outbreak

folk culture

cultural; traits within small, tradition communities

assimilation

people lose original differentiating traits when in contact with others

dialects

local or regional characteristics of a language

isogloss

a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

lingua franca

“Frankish Language”, used for trade and commerce

toponym

place name

secularism

the principle of separation of the state from religious institutions

ethnic religion

particular to one, culturally distinct group of people, don’t seek converts

universalizing religion

belief of one true religion, actively seeks converts

diaspora

dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place

interfaith boundaries

boundaries between the world’s major faiths

intrafaith boundaries

boundaries within a single major faith

religious fundamentalism

religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and influence state policy

animism

belief in inanimate objects

caste system

strict social segregation of people based on ancestry and occupation

pilgrimage

voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site

popular culture

found in large heterogeneous societies, spreads rapidly through technology, increased globalization

acculturation

when a person or group adapts to another culture by borrowing traits

ethnic enclave

a place populated by one ethnic group that is entirely surrounded by other residents of different groups\`

creole

language resulting from mixing of colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

polytheism

belief in multiple gods

monotheism

belief system in which one supreme being is revered as a creator

syncretic religion

combined elements of two or more belief systems

ehtnocentrism

tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas from their own culture

cultural relativism

evaluation of a culture solely by its unique standard

standard language

published, widely distributed, and purposely taught

dowry

price paid in cash and gifts by the bride’s family to the groom’s father

multi-natioal state

state that contains two or more ethnic groups

nation-state

country whose people consist of a majority of one ethnic group

federal state

powers are shared between the central gov and regional gov

nation

group of people with common culture characteristics

gerrymandering

redrawing of legislative boundaries entirely for electoral purposes

imperialism

a country extends its power where central gov is supreme

unitary state

governedy as a single power where central gov is supreme

choke points

a strategic strait or canal which could be closed or blocked to stop sea traffic

nato

international organization created in 1949 to oppose communism

superimposed boundary

boundary made through colonization w/o regard to culture pattners

devolution

transfer/delegation of power to a lower level (central gov ro local/regional), purpose=more autonomy

antecedent boundary

a boundary drawn upon an area before it was heavily populated

unclos

defines the rights and responsibilities of nations w/ respect to oceans

stateless nations

a nation lacking a territory to call its own

sovereignty

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of others

exclave

country that is separated from the mainland by another country