APUSH Period 6

Anti coolie clubs

Groups that were anti-coolie (Asian workers)

Barbed wire

Spiked fencing used by farmers to keep cattle inside

Battle of Little Bighorn

Fierce battle between natives and white settlers caused by the settling of the Dakotas. Major win for natives - killed many white people (but the heroes of this battle were killer soon after)

Cattle drives

Major movement of cattle via railroads from West to East in lieu of higher meat demand

Chief Joseph

Led the Nez Perce, who killed white settlers while leaving Oregon and ALMOST escaped to Canada. Context of native-settler battles.

Chinatowns

Communities of Chinese immigrants, usually in Cali, where most of them lived. Usually poorer neighborhoods but strong sense of community

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Prevented Chinese immigration for decades following lots of anti Asian sentiment

Chisholm Trail

Major cattle route from Texas to Kansas (cattle drives!)

Comestock Lode

Located in Nevada, this was the largest silver deposit in North America (recall the movement for silver standard currency by farmers/populists)

Concentration Policy

Making reservations for Indians to live in (usually not good land) so white settlers could settle with them out of the way

Vaqueros and Cowboys

skilled riders who herded cattle on ranches in Mexico, California, and the Southwest - contributed to the myth of a romantic West

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

Led Sioux and Cheyenne troops in the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, defeating George Custer

Dawes Severalty Act

The act passed with the intent to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land. Compensation for natives was never received

Desert Land Act of 1877

An act which was passed to encourage the development of agriculture in the more arid locations of the Western United States.

Federal Land Grants

Federal gov. granted land for railroad companies to build more routes

Frederick Jackson Turner (Turners Thesis)

Stated that the frontier was crucial to the American egalitarianism

Frederick Remington

an American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who romanticized the American West

George Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Ghost Dance Movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement.

Great Plains

vast grassland between the mississippi river and the rocky mountains, ended up going through an agricultural revolution and getting settled

Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor

A muckracker whose book exposed the unjust manner in which the U.S. government had treated the Indians. Protested the Dawes Severalty Act.

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Indian Hunting

White vigilantes began engaging in this activity with the goal to eliminate the whole Indian population because they believed it was an impossibility for whites and Indians to coexist.

Indian Reorganization Act

Government legislation that allowed the Indians a form of self-government, provided the Indians direct ownership of their land, credit, a constitution, and a charter in which Indians could manage their own affairs. (1934 reversal of dawes severalty)

Mexican Americans

self explanatory. had a clear hierarchy before the whites came and took all their power

National Reclamation Act

gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

New York Central Railroad

A railroad company founded by Cornelius Vanderbilt. It consolidated many smaller rail companies, standardized gauges, and popularized steel rails. It linked major cities on the East Coast and in the Midwest.

Omaha Act of 1882

Act that allowed the establishment of individual title to tribal lands

Rancheros

Mexican ranch owners

Reservations

areas of federal land set aside for American Indians; ended up getting impeded on too (like oklahoma)

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

The U.S. Army convinced a group of Cheyenne to stop raiding farms and return to their Colorado reservation peacefully, where the army attacked and killed about 150 people while burning the camp. Depicted as a battle by some and massacre by others - was brutal

Taos Indian Rebellion

In 1847, when the Taos Indians were afraid their land would be confinscated, they rebelled, killing the new governor and other Anglo-American officials before being subdued by the U.S Army.

Timber Culture Act (1873)

Act which allotted 160 acres to individuals in certain Western states if they agreed to plant one fourth of it with trees.

Transcontinental Railroads

a railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West; opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution + capitalist overtaking

Treaty of Fort Laramie

the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River

Union and central pacific

The railroad companies that worked toether to create the first transcontinental railroad

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

Alexander Graham Bell (1876)

- invented many things including the telephone

Gardiner Greene Hubbard

created the Bell Telephone Company

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

ombination of national craft unions representing labor interests in wages, hours, and safety. wanted a better working life, not a revolution. led by samuel gompers

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

The "Gospel of Wealth" 1889

book written by Andrew Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists (natural superiority comes with natural responsibility)

Antitrust Movement

Middle citizens feared the trusts' unchecked power and urban elites (old wealth) resented the increasing influence of the new rich.

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war

Haymarket Riot

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers protested. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

Herbert Spencer

"Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures

Homestead Strike (1892)

On June 29, 1892, workers belonging to the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers struck the Carnegie Steel Company at Homestead, Pa. to protest a proposed wage cut. Henry C. Frick, the company's general manager, determined to break the union, ended up having to call state militia

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

Horatio Alger

Popular novelist during the Industrial Revolution who wrote "rags to riches" books praising the values of hard work

Horizontal Integration

system of consolidating many firms in the same business

interlocking directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. J. P. Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

J.P. Morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation.

James Garfield

20th President

Jay Gould

American financier and railroad developer who, along with James Fisk, attempted to corner the gold market in 1869

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the largest monopoly in US history. Rockefeller was the America's first billionaire.

Knights of Labor (1869)

Nationwide labor union that was open to all workers. The union reached its peak in 1886 before beginning a decline in membership.

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

Bessemer process

A process for making steel more efficiently, patented in 1856. Helped with the industrial boom for railroads

Consumer goods

products and services that satisfy human wants directly

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Liberal Republicans

In 1872, Republican reformers, alarmed by the corruption and scandals in the Grant administration, organized this branch of the Republican Party and nominated Horace Greeley for president. They were laissez faire liberals who opposed legislation that benefited any particular group.

mugwumps

Republican Party activists who had switched to the Democratic Party because they did not like the financial corruption that was associated with the Republican candidate James G. Blaine in 1884.

National Labor Union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

National Negro Business League

founded by Booker T. Washington to promote business developments among African Americans

Panic of 1873

Financial panic in which banks closed and the stock market crashed

Panic of 1893

Sharp economic downturn that began when the railroad industry faltered during the early 1890s followed by the collapse of many related industries

Patronage

(politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Pendleton Act

reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission

Protestant work ethic

way of life based on Biblical teaching that God expects all men to work and all work is a noble duty to be performed toward God

Pullman strike

violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide

Railroad Strike of 1877

One of the worst outbreaks of labor violence erupted in 1877, during economic depression, when railroad companies cut wages in order to reduce costs. It shut down 2/3 of country's rail trackage. Strike quickly becoming national in scale. For the first time since 1830s federal troops used to end labor violence. More then 100 people killed.

Roscoe Conkling

a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Samuel F.B morse

invented the telegraph

Samuel Gompers

leader of the American Federation of Labor

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

David Ricardo, "iron law of wages"

Low wages were justified by David Ricardo (1772-1823), whose famous "iron law of wages" argued that raising wages arbitrarily would only increase the working population, and

Low wages were justified by David Ricardo (1772-1823), whose famous "iron law of wages" argued that raising wages arbitrarily would only increase the working population, and \n the availability of more workers would in turn cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery and starvation.

David Ricardo, "iron law of wages"

Eugene V. Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

George Westinghouse

Invented the air brake for trains.

Scab; Lockout; Blacklist; Yellow-Dog Contract; Injunction

Employers also used all of the following tactics for defeating unions: (1) the lockout: closing the factory to break a labor movement before it could get organized (2) blacklists: names of prounion workers circulated among employers (3) yellow-dog contracts: workers being told, as a condition for employment,

Sears and Roebuck

Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers. (p. 326)

Standard Oil Trust

Rockefeller's company, in 1881, owned 90 percent of the oil refinery business, with a board of trustees at the head

Thomas A. Edison

Inventor of lightbulb, phonograph and numerous other innovations

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption.

Transatlantic cable

Underwater telegraph cable connecting America to Europe, instant communication WWI

Upward mobility

an increase—or upward shift—in social class

US steel

powerful and wealthy 19th century steel corporation founded by Andrew Carnagie and JP morgan

Vertical integration

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

White collar workers

office workers, sales people, and other highly trained individuals

William Tweed (Boss Tweed)

political boss of New York who used corruption to cheat the city out of over 100 million

Gold Bug Democrats

the name given to the Democrats who were intent on having unlimited silver

New imperialsim

The political and economic control of one country by another no matter the distance, usually for its resources

Alaska Purchase

Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly") turned out to be important oil source

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

Anti-Imperialist League

a group that opposed the treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire

Antitrust Movement

Middle citizens feared the trusts' unchecked power and urban elites (old wealth) resented the increasing influence of the new rich.

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.