LIN 201 TEST 2： Consonants English and World

\[p]

voiceless bilabial central oral stop

\[b]

voiced bilabial central oral stop

\[m]

voiced bilabial central nasal stop

\[f]

voiceless labiodental central oral fricative

\[v]

voiced labiodental central oral fricative

\[θ]

voiceless interdental central oral fricative

\[ð]

voiced interdental central oral fricative

\[t]

voiceless alveolar central oral stop

\[d]

voiced alveolar central oral stop

\[n]

voiced alveolar central nasal stop

\[s]

voiceless alveolar central oral fricative

\[z]

voiced alveolar central oral fricative

\[l]

voiced alveolar lateral oral approximant

\[ʃ]

voiceless palatoalveolar central oral fricative

\[ʒ]

voiced palatoalveolar central oral fricative

\[tʃ]

voiceless palatoalveolar central oral affricate

\[dʒ]

voiced palatoalveolar central oral affricate

\[ɹ]

voiced retroflex central oral approximant

\[j]

voiced palatal central oral approximant

\[k]

voiceless velar central oral stop

\[g]

voiced velar central oral stop

\[ŋ]

voiced velar central nasal stop

\[w]

voiced labiovelar central oral approximant

\[h]

voiceless glottal central oral fricative

\[ʎ]

voiced palatal lateral oral approximant

\[ɯ]

tense high back unrounded vowel

\[ø]

tense mid front rounded vowel

\[y]

tense high front rounded vowel

\[ɖ]

voiced retroflex central oral stop

\[β]

voiced bilabial central oral fricative

\[ɸ]

voiceless bilabial central oral fricative

\[ɲ]

voiced palatal central nasal stop

\[ʈ]

voiceless retroflex central oral stop

\[ɳ]

voiced retroflex central nasal stop

\[q\]

voiceless uvular central oral stop

\[G\]

voiced uvular central oral stop

\[ʁ\]

voiced uvular central oral fricative

\[𝑥\]

voiceless uvular central oral fricative

 ħ

voiceless pharyngeal central oral fricative

ʕ

voiced pharyngeal central oral fricative

Where are sounds formed?

Vocal Tract.

Where are the two articulators that control two more additional valves where sound is produced?

Velum and Larynx

Articulators for \[p,b,m\]

Active: lower lip , Passive: upper lip

Articulators for \[f,v\]

Active: lower lip , Passive: upper teeth

Articulators for \[ θ, ð\]

Active: tongue tip, lower teeth , Passive: upper teeth

Articulators for \[t, d, n, s, z, l\]

Active: tongue tip or blade, Passive: alveolar ridge

Articulators for \[ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ\]

Active: tongue tip/ blade, Passive: prepalate

Articulators for \[j\]

Active: tongue front, Passive: palate

Articulators for \[k,g,ŋ\]

Active: tongue back, Passive: velum

difference between tense and lax?

tense is longer, higher pitch, louder

What are some suffixes that shift the stress or attract the stress?

\-ic, -ity, -ion

Same words with different stress symbol- Nouns and Verbs

Produce( stress on first syllable) and To Produce (stress on second)

What happens to stress in compound words/nouns?

Stress goes on the first syllable of the first element.

What are the three necessary conditions for voicing?

sufficient amount of air, articulator approatielty tensed

Articulators ( consonants)

work together to make complete or partial closures for consonants

Articulators (vowels)

the whole mass of the tongue is used for _____ articulation and lip and tongue position also.

onset

consonants BEFORE vowel

coda

consonants AFTER vowel

What are the three descriptions for vowels?

height, frontness, rounding

What are the three requirements to produce a trill?

1. articulator protruding airstream
2. articulator appropriately tensed
3. sufficient airflow (to support airflow)

What muscle is the driver or director for respiration?

Diaphragm

What valves influence the airflow in the diaphragm?

Larynx , velo-pharyngeal, mouth

/hi/

\[aɪ\]

/toy/

\[oɪ\]

/how/

\[aʊ\]

1 Vowel Rule : Vowel Nasalization

As you say the vowel, velum lowers itself for the next nasal consonant and that makes it a part of the nasal sounding.

* vowels before nasalized consonant get nasalized

2 Vowel Rule: Monophthongization of minor Diphthongs

dipthongs that occur right BEFORE \[r, l\] becomes monophthongs Ex: oʊ→ o, eɪ-→ e

Lexical Word stress

Compound nouns with an adjectival phrase, get the stress on the noun part . Example: ‘GREENhouse vs green ‘HOUSE

Stress Placement Principles

1 no stress on affixes

2 no stress on apparent affixes

3 first of two syllables is stressed

How to change pitch:

A: Larynx

B: Velum

C: lips

A: Larynx

To change nasality it rises or lowers itself:

A: Larynx

B: Velum

C: Lips

B： Velum

Can be rounded or unrounded (stretched)

A: Larynx

B: Velum

C:Lips

C: Lips

Length is represented by what symbol?

**ː** (two triangles facing each other) ex-→ a:, i: , o: )= Japanese and Danish

STOP

\-active articulator TOUCHES the passive articulator completely blocking air from exiting the mouth

\-ORAL: allowing air pressure to build up which leads to a release burst.

\-NASAL: air is escaped through the nasal cavity

FRICATIVE

active articulator is CLOSE to the passive articulator leaving a very small space to generate turbulent airflow.

\

APPROXIMANT

active articulator APPROACHES the passive articulator, with a closure not closed enough to create turbulent airflow

AFFRICATE

combination of stop+ fricative

Allophone Rule: /l/ velarization

/l/’s at the coda of a syllable become velarized

\- tongue body gesture

Allophone Rule: tapping - \[ɾ\]

/t/ becomes tapped when the following vowel is an unstressed vowel

Allophone Rule : Aspiration - pʰ, tʰ, kʰ

\[p,t,k\] voiceless stops are pronounced with a noisy voicelessness after a release of the stop of the BEGINNING of STRESSED SYLLABLE

* stops in onset are always released
* NOT BEFORE \[S\]

Allophone Rule: Approximate Devoicing

\[∘\] symbol goes underneath approximants of \[w,j,l,r\], occurs AFTER \[ptk} in aspirated context

Allophone Rule: Stop UNRELEASED

occurs after oral consonant either at end of syllable or word \[ptk\]

* NOT nasal stops

Spanish Stops-

English alveolar stops become DENTAL stops

Formation of Uvular stops

Formed with root of tongue

Pharyngeal (fricative) description

root of tongue (active articulator) approaches back of pharyngeal wall.

Intonation

melody or tune of utterance of phrases or sentences

Tone

Use of Pitch Differences to change lexical meaning

Three parameters to describe speech:

* Amplitude
* Time
* Frequency

Speech analysis: time measurements

milliseconds and Seconds

Axis of waveforms display what parameters?

TIME and LOUDNESS

Measurement of frequency?

HERTZ and CYCLES per second

What are the rules for phrasal stress in non-empathic sentence?

* content words are canidates for stress
* Nouns are more likely to recieve stress to avoid pattern clash/stress clash
* Alternating stress
* compound nouns receive stress on nouns & other words might recive stress if there is a good rhythmic pattern to it.
* stress can shift due to either : weak vowels (schwa) or clash

Speech Wave:

Sound is a variation in air pressure that can be detected by our eardrums

Formants

resonant frequency of the vocal tract

Resonance

vibration in vocal tract

F1 vowel correlation

Vowel Height

F2 correlates to

vowel frontness

Which has longer VOT? Voiceless or Voiced Stop Consonants

Voiceless

Spectrogram: Difference of Alveolar fricatives and Palatoalveolars

Alveolars (s,z) have a higher frequency concentration located at the top. palatoalveolar have a lower concentration because the tube is longer causing a difference

how to tell the difference between velars and alveolar stops on spectrograms

release burst is slightly different even though they are both stops. The release burst for Alveolars drops a bit then begins to rise, while the Velar drops further down.