BSC 111: Final Exam

Evolution

a change across generations
a change in heritable traits of populations

fitness

In natural selection, traits are passed along to the next generation based on the what of a species

fitness

the number of surviving offspring produced by an organism

natural selection

occurs when individuals with certain heritable traits are better able to survive and reproduce, thus leaving more offspring

homologues structures

traits in closely related species that were inherited from a common ancestor
evolutionary trait

Homoplasy

shared character state not inherited from a common ancestor; same function in different groups but does not have common ancestry
result of convergent evolution or evolutionary reversal

alleles

two forms of a gene
ex: D, d

genes

pairs of alleles
ex: DD, Dd, dd

phenotype

the expression of the genotype based on dominant and recessive alleles

population bottleneck

occurs due to genetic drift
reduction in population size and genetic diversity caused by disease or natural disasters

Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Assumptions

No Population
No mutation
No migration
No selection
Random Mating

mutation

mechanism of evolution
a change to DNA sequence which can serve as a source of new genetic variation
ultimate source of genetic variation

geneflow (migration)

movement of alleles between populations
occurs when an organism migrates and its gametes move to an existing populations

constructive flow

the spread of beneficial alleles in gene flow

constructive flow

alleles impede adaption by flow of inferior alleles

Genetic Drift

change in allele frequencies due to chance events such as natural disasters
ex: founder effect, population bottleneck

Directional Selection

type of selection that occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored, and the distribution curve shifts towards one of the extremes

disruptive

type of selection against intermediate phenotypes
selection for small/large individuals (bimodial disruption)

stabilizing

types of selection that selects against both extremes
-> intermediate phenotype is chosen
-> trait variants reduce

heterozygote advantage

a type of advantage that favors heterozygotes over homozygotes
increases fitness of heterozygotes
-> heterozygotes for sickle cell trait do not suffer from amenia and are less susceptible to malaria

intrasexual

type of reproductive strategy where members of one sex compete with each other for access to the opposite sex
-> male to male competition
-> polygyny
-> features armaments

armaments

weaponry used for intrasexual reproduction

intersexual

female choosiness
-> females choose mates that can provide best protection, or genes for offspring
contain ornamnets

sexual dimorphism

difference in form between males and females of a species due to intersexual or intrasexual traits

ornaments

features in intersexual selection that attracts mates

Reproductive Isolation

two fertile organisms do not mate with each other due to reproductive strategies

prezygotic isolation

types of reproductive isolation that prevents mating from being attempted or prevents fertilization

geographic isolation

type of prezygotic isolation that occurs due a separation by geographical regions

Habitat Isolation

type of prezygotic isolation; when two species occupy different habitats, they are less likely to meet and reproduce
ex: terrestrial species vs aquatic

behavioral isolation

courtship patterns of males and females are distinct to a species; type of prezygotic isolation
ex: different mating dances

temporal isolation

type of prezygotic isolation; organisms reproduce at different times during the year

Mechanical Isolation

type of prezygotic isolation
animal gentilaia or plant foral structures are incompatible

Gamete Isolation

type of prezygotic isolation
the gametes (sperm or pollen) fails to penetrate and fertilize the egg of another species

postzygotic isolation

type of reproductive isolation that prevents the subsequent development of a zygote into a fertile adult

type of postzygotic isolation
embryo dies in the womb because it is not a viable zygote

hybrid sterility

type of postzygotic isolation where hybrid cannot reproduce
ex: mules

reduced hybrid species

two of post-zygotic isolation where the offspring of two species are not fit for the environment

Allopatric Speciation

type of speciation where populations are separated by a geographic or another type of physical barrier

Sympatric Speciation

the cooccurrence of two species where there is an absence of a geographic barrier

Systematics

the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships

taxonomy

the science of naming species and higher groups of organisms and classifying them in a hierarchy

phylogeny

patterns of relationships among species

phylogenetic tree

the depiction of phylogenetic relationship is

specific epithet

the second title in a species name is known as the

genus

the first part of a species name is the

Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)

ancestor closet to the ingroup

Root

the oldest node in a tree

node

ancestral species

derived trait

similarity arose recently and is only shared by a subset of a species; a defining trait of a group
ex: hair in mammals

Homoplasy

shared character state not inherited from a common ancestor; same function in different groups but do not have common ancestry
-result of convergent evolution

relative dating

fossils are sorted as older vs younger based on position in rock layers

Absolute dating

fossils given actual ages in years using radioisotopes

endosymbiosis

eukaryotic cells acquired some organelles by developing a symbiotic relationship with a once living free bacterium
-> chloroplast formed in plants
-> mitochondria in eukaryotes

eukaryotes

protist belong to what domain

haplodiplontic life cycle

life cycle that alternates between distinct haploid and diploid stages
->Diploid cycle produces a spore-producing sporophyte e
-> Haploid cell is gamete producing gametophyte

Prokaryote

bacteria belong to what domian

Prokaryote

archaea belong to what domain

slime molds

type of protist that are decomposers

dinoflagellates

type of protist that is an improant compoent of phytoplankton

green plants

name for green algae + land plants

non-tracheophytes

name for land plants that are seedless nonvascular
->bryophytes (mosses, hornworts, liverworts)

tracheophytes

name of plants that are vascular
->ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, lycophytes

seed plants

name of plants that are vascular and contain seeds for reproduction

chlorophytes

ancestral species to land plants; green algae

waxy cuticle

plant adaption to terrestrial life; protection from desiccation, prevents gas exchange

stomata

pores on a plant that enables gas exchange

tracheids

specialized vascular tissue used for water transport

flavonoids

pigments that act as sunscreen that protects plant for UV radiation

meiosis

diploid sporophyte produces a haploid spores by

mitosis

haploid produces gametophyte produces gametes through

seeds

plant adaption to terrestrial life that provides protection and food from embryo
-> also allows for dormancy

petals

the part of a flower that attracts pollinators for reproduction

fruits

plant adaption that allows for seed dispersal

pollination

transfer of pollen from one plant to another

angiosperms

the largest group of plants

Gymnosperms

Coniferophyte
Ginkgo
Gnetophytes
Cycads
all belong to this phylum that has naked seeds

spore plants

seedless vascular
ferns and friends
lycophytes (club mosses, quillworts)

angiosperms

flowering plants

gemma cups

asexual reproduction of liverworts through raindrops

hetertrophs

fungi digest externally by absorbing nutrients from environments; this makes them what

Chytridiomycota

phylum of fungi that causes the amphibian diseases Bd and Bsal

Zygomycota

fungi phylum that contains common bread molds

Glomeromycota

fungi phylum that contains arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM fungi)

Ascomycota

cup fungi that cause Dutch Elm disease and chestnut disease

Mycorrhizae

the mutualistic association between glomeromycota and plant roots

lichen

mutualistic association between a fungus and photosynthetic partner (cyanobacteria or green algae)

Cnidaria

corals, anemones and jellyfish phylum
contain poly and medusa forms
contain nematocysts

Annelida

phylum that contains earthworms and
leeches
apart of lophotrochozoan

Ecdysis

molting of exoskeleton/ cuticle

Echinodermata

starfish and sea urchins phylum
-nonchordate deuterostomes
larvae have bilateral symmetry; adults pentaradial symmetry

arthropods

insects, crustaceans phylum
contain tagmata

mollusca

phylum that contains gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves

Gnathostomes

jawed fishes

Bony fishes

ray finned fishes, lobed finned fishes, and tetrapod's

Sponges

simplest animals, no symmetry or tissues, digestion inside collar cells

Spiralia

lophotrochozoan contain this type of radial cleavage that divides pole to pole

Nematoda

type of protostome, apart of ecdysozoa
roundworms; important model organisms in genetics -> adults have fixed number of cells that's genetically determined

Tardigrada

protostomes, ecdysozoa
"water bears;" extremophiles that can undergo cryptobiosis

tagmata

segmentation in Arthropoda; head, thorax and abdomen