chap 5

cardiology

treatment of heart disease

immunology

study of the immune system and its functions

cardiovascular/circulatory system

the heart and extensive network of blood vessels; its purpose is to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to cells and remove waste products of cellular metabolism

layers of the heart wall

endocardium (innermost layer that lines heart and valves), myocardium (muscular layer), pericardium (outermost layer; the pericardial sac surrounds the heart and secretes serous fluid)

angi/o

vessel (usually blood or lymph)

aneurysm/o

widening, widened blood vessel

aort/o

aorta

arteri/o

artery

arteriol/o

arteriole

ather/o

fatty plaque

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o, coron/o

heart

embol/o

embolus (plug)

hem/o

blood

isch/o

to hold back, block

phleb/o, ven/o

vein

thromb/o

blood clot

varic/o

dilated vein

vas/o

vessel, vas deferens, duct

vascul/o

vessel

ventricul/o

ventricle (of heart or brain)

-cardia

heart condition

-gram

record, writing

-graph

instrument for recording

-graphy

process of recording

-stenosis

narrowing, stricture

-tension

to stress

-poiesis

formation, production

-um

structure, thing

-ole, -ule

small, minute

tricuspid valve

blood flows through tricuspid valve from the right atrium to the right ventricle

flow of oxygen deficient blood

right atrium -> through tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> through pulmonary valve -> pulmonary trunk -> right and left pulmonary artery -> lungs

flow of oxygenated blood

lungs -> right and left pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> through mitral valve -> left ventricle -> through aortic valve -> aorta

flow of blood away from and back to the heart

3 ascending branches and 1 descending branch of aorta -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> superior and inferior vena cavae

chordae tendinae

attach the tricuspid and mitral valves to the heart walls

order of conduction impulses

sinoatrial node -> atrioventricular node -> bundle of His -> bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers

varicosities

abnormally enlarged, twisted veins due to damaged valves

systole

normal period of heart contraction

diastole

normal period of heart relaxation

lymphatic system

closely linked to CV system and relies on the pumping of the heart to circulate; a network of lymph, lymph, vessels, lymph nodes, and specialized organs (tonsils, thymus, spleen)

3 functions of the lymphatic system

1. draining excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to circulating blood

2. protecting the body by defending against foreign or harmful agents

3. absorbing and transporting digested fats to venous circulation from aggregations of Peyer patches in the lining of the ileum

function of lymph capillaries

collect interstitial tissue fluid and return it to blood, absorb and transport digested fats to venous circulation, produce lymphocytes and immune cells

location and function of lymph nodes

small masses in cervical (neck), axillary (armpit), and inguinal (groin) regions; act as filters against foreign materials; become swollen and tender when infected with bacteria

location and function of spleen

LUQ of the abdomen behind the stomach; similar structure and function to lymph nodes but larger; filters blood; manufactures lymphocytes and monocytes; destroys old erythrocytes and stores new ones; not essential

location and function of thymus

middle of chest (mediastinum); secretes thymosin hormone (which stimulates red bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes); T cells mature here; grows smaller as you age because it is important for immunity during early years of growth

location and function of tonsils

mucous membranes of pharynx and base of tongue; filter lymph; destroy bacteria entering mouth and throat

aden/o

gland

agglutin/o

clumping, gluing

immun/o

immune, safe, immunity

lymph/o

lymph

lymphaden/o

lymph gland/node

lymphangi/o

lymph vessel

phag/o

swallowing, eating

splen/o

spleen

thym/o

thymus gland

-phylaxis

protection

RV

right ventricle

LV

left ventricle

IVS

interventricular septum (partition between the LV and RV)

IAS

interatrial septum

SVC/IVC

superior/inferior vena cava

SA

sinoatrial

AV

atrioventricular node, ateriovenous

AED

automatic external defibrillator

AICD

automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

BP

blood pressure

CA

cancer, chronological age, cardiac arrest

CABG

coronary artery bypass graft

CAD

coronary artery disease

CC

cardiac catheterization, chief complaint

CHB

complete heart block

CHF

congestive heart failure

CVA

cardiovascular accident, costovertebral angle

DVT

deep vein thrombosis

EBV

Epstein-Barr virus (mono)

ECG/EKG

electrocardiogram

ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ELT

endovenous laser ablation; endoluminal laser ablation

HDL

high-density lipoprotein

HF

heart failure

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

HTN

hypertension

ICD

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

LDL

low-density lipoprotein

MI

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

MVP

mitral valve prolapse

PCI

percutaneous coronary intervention

PTCA

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

TIA

transient ischemic attack

US

ultrasound, ultrasonography

WBC

white blood cell

angina pectoris

mild to severe pain or pressure in the chest caused by ischemia; AKA angina

aneurysm

local dilation of an artery or chamber due to weakening of its walls; can be fusiform, saccular, or dissecting; includes abdominal, thoracic, or peripheral artery aneurysm

arrythmia

irregularity or loss of rhythm in heartbeat, AKA dysrhythmia

fibrillation

arrhythmia of irregular random contractions of heart fibers

bruit

abnormal blowing sound heard on auscultation and caused by turbulent blood flow through an artery

deep vein thrombosis

formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body, mostly in legs or thighs

embolus

a mass of undissolved matter, commonly blood clot, fatty plaque, or air bubble, lodged in a blood vessel

heart block

interference with normal conductance of electrical impulses controlling heart muscle activity

-First-degree - AV block where atrial electrical impulses to ventricles are delayed by fraction of a second

-Second-degree - AV block where occasional electrical impulses from SA node fail to be conducted to ventricles

-Third-degree - AV block where electrical impulses from atria fail to reach ventricles, aka CHB

heart failure

inability of the heart to circulate blood effectively enough to meet the body's metabolic needs; formerly CHF