GEN-ANA (chapter 1) *#1

Anatomy

stufy of the structures in the body

Clinical Anatomy

study of macroscopic structures and functions in the body

Basic Anatomy

minimal study of the structures and functions in the body

Anatomic Position

a person is standing erect with the upper limbs by the sides and the face of the palms are directed forward

Median Saggital Plane

divides the body to equal right and left sides

Paramedian

planes situated to one or the other side of the sagittal plane

Medial

towards the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Coronal Planes

vertical plane that are right angle to the median saggital plane

Anterior

front oart of the body

Posterior

back side of the body

In describing the hands

Palmar- anterior surface of the palm

Dorsal- posterior surface of the palm

In describing the foot

Plantar- anterior surface of the foot

Dorsal- posterior surface of the foot

Proximal and Distal

describes the distance of the structure from the LIMBS of the body

superficial and deep

denote the relative distances of structures from the surface of the body

superior and inferior

denote levels relatively high or low

internal and external

used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity

ipsilateral

refers to the __same side__ of the body

Contralateral

refers to __opposite sides__ of the body;

supine

body is lying on the back.

prone

lying face downward.

joint

where two or more bones come together

Sagittal Plane Movements:

Flexion and Extension

Flexion

usually an anterior movement

Extension

straightening of the muscle and oosterior movement

Coronal plane movements

Lateral Flexion, Abduction, Adduction

Lateral Flexion

movement of the trunk

Adduction

movement of the limb towards the midline of the plane

Abduction

movement of the limb away from the midline of the plane

Abduction

In fingers and toes, spreading of these structure is ______

Adduction

In fingers and toes, drawing together these structures is _____

Rotation

movement of the body along its long axis

Lateral Rotation

the structure is facing laterally (rotation)

Medial Rotation

the structure is facing laterally (rotation)

Pronation of the forearm

medial rotation and palm of the hand is facing posteriorly

Supination of the forearm

a lateral rotation and palm of the hand faces anteriorly

Circumduction

combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Movement of the jaw

Protraction and Retraction

Protraction

to move forward (jaw)

Retraction

to move backward (jaw)

Movements of the foot:

Inversion and Eversion

Inversion

the sole lf the foot faces in a __medial__ direction

Eversion

sole of the foot faces in __lateral__ direction

Skin

divided into two parts: Epidermis and Dermis

Epidermis

the superficial part

Dermis

the deep part

Epidermis

a stratified epithelium that becomes flat as they mature

extremely thick

On the palms of the hand and sole of the foot, eoidermis is _______

Thin

on the anterior surface of the arm and forearm, epidermis is ___

Dermis

composed of dense connective tissue that consists of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

thinner

the dermis on the anterior surface is _____ than on the

thinner

the dermis of female is _____ than male

Superficial Fascia

the dermis of the skin is connected to the underlying deep bones or facia by the __________ (a.k.a subcutaneous tissue)

Skin Creases

site of where skin over joints always folds

Appendages of the skin:

nail, hair follicle, sebaceous glands and sweat glands

Nail

the keratinized plate of the skin

Root of the nail

the proximal edge of the nail

Nail folds

a.k.a folds of the skin

Nail Bed

the surface. kf the skin that is covered by the nail

Follicles

Hair flows out of ____

Follicles

the invaginations of the epidermis into the dermis

Hair Bulbs

expanded extremities of the follicles; penetrate to the deeper part of the dermis

Hair Papilla

the curve lart of the hair bulbs and isoccupied by vascular connective tissues

Arrector Pili

a band of smooth muscles and connects the surface of the follicle to the superficial part of the dermis

Gooseflesh

dimping of the skin surface

Sebaceous Glands

pass up through the necks of the follicles and lies obliquely within the dermis

Sebum

oily material that orevents the flexibility of the emerging hair

Sweat Glands

long, spiral, tubular glands that are distributed over the surfaces lf the body

Sweat Glands

the most deeply penetrating structure

Fasciae

can be divided into two types: superficial and deep

Fasciae

lies between the skin and undelying muscles and bones

Superficial Fasciae

a mixture of looseareolar and adipose tissue that unites the dermis of the skin with the underlying deep fasciae

Superficial Fasciae

consists of numerous collagen fibers

Collagen Fibers

holds the skin firmly to the other deeper structures

Deep Fasciae

a membranous layer of connective tissue that invests the muscles and other deep structures

neck

in the ______, deep fasciae form a well defined layers

Deep Fasciae

determines the pathway of pathogenic organisms during the spread of infections

thorax and abdomen

in the _________, deep fasciae is a thin film of adipose tissue that covers the muscles and aponeuroses

limbs

in the ________, deep fasica is a definite sheath that civers the muscles and other structures

Retinacula

a.k.a restraining bands

Retinacula

holds the tendons in position and serves as pulleys around which the tendons may move

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac Muscle

the 3 types of muscles

Skeletal Muscle

provides movements od the skeleton

Skeletal Muscle

a.k.a voluntary muscle; made up of striped muscle fibers

Skeletal Muscle

has 2 tyoes of attachments: origin and insertion

Origin

attachment that moves the least; ang laging pinupuntahan ng insertion and laging binabalikan

Insertion

attachement that moves the most

Belly

the fleshy part of the muscle

Tendons

cords of fibrous tissue

Aponeurosis

thin but strong sheet of fibrous tissue

Raphe

very stretchable; an interdigitation of the tendinous ends of fibers or flat muscles

Epimysium

a fibrous envelope; outer layer

Endomysium

lumalabas pag tinatanggal sng epimysium

Pennate Muscles

muscles whos fibers run obliquely to the line of pull

Unipennate Muscle

the __tendon lies along one side__ of the muscle and the __muscle fibers pas obliquely to it__

Bipennate Muscle

the __tendon lies in the center of the muscle__ and the __muscle fibers pass to it from two sides__

Multipennate Muscle

a __series of bipennate muscles__ lying alongside one another (e.g., acromial fibers of the deltoid) or may have the tendon lying within its center and the __muscle fibers passing to it from all sides, converging as they go__

Skeletal Muscle Action

Prime Mover, Antagonist, Fixator, Synergist

Prime Mover

the chief muscle or member of a chief group of muscles responsible for a particular movement

Antagonist

Any muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover