Economics :)

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/145

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

146 Terms

1
New cards
Fascism
A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism; anti-socialism; a dynamic and violent leader; and glorification of war and the military.
2
New cards
Totalitarianisim
a radical dictatorship the exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society.
3
New cards
Eugenics
a pseudoscientific doctrine saying the selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characcteristics of a national unity and racial exclusion and ultimately contributed to the Holocaust.
4
New cards
Five-year plan
A plan launched by Stalin in 1928, and termed the "revolution from above," aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity.
5
New cards
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration.
6
New cards
Collectivization of Agriculture
The forrcible consolidation of individuals peasant farms into large state-controlled enterprises in the Soviet Union under Stalin.
7
New cards
Kulaks
The better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many of them starved or were deported to forced labor camps for "re-education."
8
New cards
Black Shirts
Mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialist of the city governments of northern Italy.
9
New cards
Lateran Agreement
A 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope.
10
New cards
(German) National Socialism (Nazism)
A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism, led by Adolf Hitler; its adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into World War II.
11
New cards
Enabling Act
An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.
12
New cards
Appeasement
The British policy toward Germany prior to World War II that aimed at granting Hitler's territorial demands, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war.
13
New cards
New order
Hitler's program based on racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the "Nordic" peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position; and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans."
14
New cards
Holocaust
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and other groups deemed racially inferior during the Second World War.
15
New cards
Collective Harmony
The practice, art, and/or principle in which the foundational principle is that people should value and behave with the interest of the collective (country and its citizens) over individual interests. Used by Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler \---\> state-controlled social engineering projects
16
New cards
Stalinism
Stalin's government system that was acheived in the name of Communism but was more like totalitarianism; benefited only government and relied on terror tactics, secret police, bogus trials and assassination
17
New cards
"gray zone" of moral compromise
defined everyday life in totalitarian society (by Holocaust survivor Primo Levi)
18
New cards
Rebellion of Kronstadt
An open rebellion by previously pro-Bolshevik sailors at Kronstadt. Repressed by Lenin
19
New cards
Central Committee of the Communist Party (1922)
the high-level governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, from which the inner Politburo drew its members. (STALIN ROSE TO GENERAL SECRETARY, USED POWER TO WIN ALLIES)
20
New cards
"socialism in one country"
Joseph Stalin's theory/concept of Russian communism based solely on the Soviet Union rather than the Leninist concept of international revolution; by cutting off the Soviet Union from other economies, the USSR avoided worst consequences of the Great Depression. (MORE APPEALING THAN TROTSKY'S DOCTRINE OF "PERMANENT REVOLUTION")
21
New cards
"deviation from the general party line"
Stalin's December 1927 final triumph at the party congress. Allowed Stalin and his followers to launch "the revolution from above"
22
New cards
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Federal system of 4 soviet republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.
23
New cards
"liquidation"
seizure of property from kulaks
24
New cards
man-made famine in Ukraine (1932)
3.5M deaths
25
New cards
State Planning Commission (Gosplan)
the part of the Soviet government that oversaw Stalin's rapid industrialization; it set goals for production in every area of economic life and attempted to organize the economy to meet those goals. (CREATED TO SET PRODUCTION GOALS AND CONTROL DELIVERIES OF RAW AND FINISHED MATERIALS)
26
New cards
"idol of Stalinist age"
steel
27
New cards
Social Realism
a style of art in which communist values and life under communism are glorified
28
New cards
(Top Soviet officer) Sergei Kivet's death
Stalin blamed the assassination on "Fascists agents"
29
New cards
"great purge" 1936-1938
- ordered by Stalin
30
New cards
-purged Old Bolsheviks and other political rivals who threatened Stalin's power

31
New cards
- Created a new communist party staffed with members who demonstrated total loyalty to Stalin

32
New cards
- mid 1930s - launched a program of state sponsored terror that began with show trials to eliminate Old Bolsheviks ( the Great terror)

33
New cards
Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin)
Dictator of Russia, named man of steel. Was of lowly backgrounds but rose to power. Only in it for himself. Created 5 year plans.
34
New cards
Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (PROMISED A "RETURN TO ORDER" AS PRIME MINISTER) (GAINED SUPPORT FROM CATHOLICS)
35
New cards
Victor Emmanuel II
let Mussolini take control
36
New cards
The majority party in Italy in 1924
Fascist party
37
New cards
Giacomo Matteotti
Was a leading noncommunist, socialist leader and member of Parliament that the fascists murdered. Had frequently criticized Mussolini and had exposed the criminality of the fascist movement. Deputies that were against the murder withdrew from parliament and were not given readmission. This gave Mussolini more freedom to do as he wished.
38
New cards
"Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state" Quote by \_____
Mussolini
39
New cards
Newspapers, radio, and film promoted a "cult of the Duce" (leader)
portrayed Mussolini as a powerful strongman who embodied the best qualities of the Italian people.
40
New cards
"Fascism, in its entirety, is the resurrection of Roman-ness."
propaganda
41
New cards
Adolf Hitler
Austrian born. Moved to Vienna, took interest in Social Darwinism. He became the Dictator of Germany, implemented Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.
42
New cards
German Workers' Party
A tiny extremist group in Munich that Hitler joined in 1919. Renamed to "Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party" when Hitler gained control
43
New cards
Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler's attempt, in 1923, to overthrow the Weimar Republic when he fired his pistol in the ceiling of a Munich beer hall \----\> National Socialism born
44
New cards
Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923; the book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non-Aryans. Germans were the "master race" w/ "pure blood." Other races were "racial degenerates." Hitler described that Germany needed "Lebensraum" (Living space) \----\> Germans would take over EU and replace the "subhumans." (Presented the idea of a Fuhrer --\> a leader with unlimited power w/ peoples' will and would lead country to victory)
45
New cards
Great Depression(1929) led to \_________
the Nazi rise in power
46
New cards
Chancellor Heinrich Bruning
-tried to overcome economic crisis by cutting government spending
47
New cards
-conservative econ policies \---\> worsened German's economic crisis

48
New cards
-aided to Hitler's approval

49
New cards
Jan 30, 1933
Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany, appointed by President Hindenburg
50
New cards
Febuary 1933 \---\> Reichstag building burned
Hitler blamed it on Communists
51
New cards
German Labor Front
National Socialist trade union organization which replaced the various trade unions of the Weimar Republic after Adolf Hitler's rise to power.
52
New cards
Nazi Storm Troopers (the SA)
The quasi-military band of 3 million toughs in brown shirts who had fought communists and beaten up Jews before the Nazis took power. They expected top positions in the army and even talked of a "second revolution" against capitalism which would create equality among Germans.
53
New cards
On June 30, 1934
Hitler launched "the Night of long knives" \---\> SS executed and arrested about a hundred SA leaders and political enemies.
54
New cards
Heinrich Himmler
German Nazi who was the ruthless leader of the SS who took over the political police and concentration camp system.
55
New cards
"coordination"
Nazi policy that forced existing institutions to conform to National Socialist ideology
56
New cards
-burned books in public squares, etc

57
New cards
"deviants"
Jews, Slavs, Sinti and Roma, homosexuals, and Jehovah's Witness
58
New cards
2 Nazi categories of "raical hygiene"
"hereditary ill"
59
New cards
- people with chronic mental/physical disabilities

60
New cards
"asocials"

61
New cards
- common criminals, prostitutes, "work shy" (chronically unemployed), beggars and vagrants, and others on the margins of German society

62
New cards
Nazi "Racial State"
barbarianism and race hatred were institutionalized with the force of science and law
63
New cards
German Society for Racial Research
new universities that defined racial differences (wrote studies that measured and defined racial differences)
64
New cards
Sterilization Laws
Series of laws of forced sterilization, those who were disabled or mentally ill were killed through starvation or drug overdose. Led to Germany's Euthanasia Program and the "Final Solution" which targeted those who did not fit within the vision of the racially and genetically pure people of Germany.
65
New cards
"mercy killing"
coldhearted euthanasia program by Nazis that systematically murdered around 70k Germans with disabilities
66
New cards
Jewish "menace"
propaganda
67
New cards
Professional Civil Service Restoration Act
banned Jews from working in government jobs
68
New cards
Nuremburg Laws (1935)
deprived German Jews of citizenship, defined as Jewish any person with one Jewish grandparent, prohibited Jews from publishing any written material, acting on stage or screen,teaching, exhibiting artworks, giving concerts, or belonging to professional organizations
69
New cards
Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
Nazi organized riot against the Jews on November 9, 1938. Mobs ransacked more than 7k Jewish shops and synagogues, 91 died, 30,000 were sent to concentration camps.
70
New cards
Aryanization
Hitler's plan to create an entire race of Aryans, Jews were fired from their jobs and expelled from school in order to cleanse the community, germans replaced them
71
New cards
Volksgemeinschaft
People's Community"; The Nazi slogan expressing the desire to create a classless, unified German society. Nazi attempt to control all aspects of lives with secret police, massive rallies and parades and heavy censorship; wanted to spread ideologies so began Hitler Youth Programs to encourage kids to turn in disloyal adults; also gave loans to people for reproduction of the Aryan race
72
New cards
Mass organizations
Hitler Youth, League of German Women, German Labor Front
73
New cards
Volkswagen
people's car
74
New cards
1933
Germany withdraws from the League of Nations
75
New cards
1936 - Rome-Berlin Axis
Military alliance between Italy and Germany (and Japan)
76
New cards
General Fransisco Franco
Spanish fascist general who revolted and overthrew the spanish republican government. Germany and Italy intervened and helped.
77
New cards
1938
Nazis gain control of Austrian gov
78
New cards
British Prime Minister (Neville Chamberlain) + France
allowed for Germans to take Sudetenland
79
New cards
Munich Conference
1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further. Neville Chamberlain spoke of "peace for our time"
80
New cards
nonaggression pact
1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland
81
New cards
September 1, 1939
Germany invades Poland, WW2 started 2 days later
82
New cards
Blitzkrieg
"Lighting war", type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939
83
New cards
Winston Churchill
Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII, not compromising
84
New cards
Battle of Britain (July 1940)
series of air strikes on Britain by Germany from August to November of 1940 in an attempt to gain air supremacy.
85
New cards
Marshall Henri Philippe Petain
-new French gov "the Vichy"
86
New cards
-National Socialist ideology

87
New cards
-placed French Jews in the hands of the Nazis

88
New cards
Himmler's elite SS corps
-program of "mass settlement space" \---\> ethnic germans would resettle abandoned lands from jews, ukranians and Russians, who would either be killed or die out.
89
New cards
Polish Home Army (underground members)
The Polish nationalist resistance group that fought German occupation during WWII. Passed intelligence about German operations to the Allies and committed sabotage. Led by government in exile in London.
90
New cards
"ghettos"
Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live. 500k died in terrible conditions. (Lodz and Warsaw ghettos)
91
New cards
1941
German invasion of the Soviet Union
92
New cards
Special Task Force (Einsatzgruppen)
-3 death military squads
93
New cards
-followed advancing German armies

94
New cards
-murdered 2M civilians

95
New cards
-moved town from town , shooting Jews

96
New cards
"the final solution of the Jewish solution"
\__________________ was the euphemistic term used by the Nazi German authorities to refer to the plan to annihilate European Jews.
97
New cards
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943)
a revolt that took place in April 1943 in the Warsaw Ghetto when the Germans attempted to deport the remaining inhabitants to Treblinka. The defense forces fought the Germans for 27 days before the ghetto was destroyed
98
New cards
"desk murders"
people who sent trains to the east from Berlin
99
New cards
Japanese race theory
Asian races were far superior to Western ones, according to this theory.
100
New cards
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
As announced in 1940 by Japan's prime minister, the area extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies in which Japan would expand its influence