Economics :)

Fascism

A movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism; anti-socialism; a dynamic and violent leader; and glorification of war and the military.

Totalitarianisim

a radical dictatorship the exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society.

Eugenics

a pseudoscientific doctrine saying the selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characcteristics of a national unity and racial exclusion and ultimately contributed to the Holocaust.

Five-year plan

A plan launched by Stalin in 1928, and termed the "revolution from above," aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity.

New Economic Policy (NEP)

Lenin's 1921 policy to re-establish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration.

Collectivization of Agriculture

The forrcible consolidation of individuals peasant farms into large state-controlled enterprises in the Soviet Union under Stalin.

Kulaks

The better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many of them starved or were deported to forced labor camps for "re-education."

Black Shirts

Mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialist of the city governments of northern Italy.

Lateran Agreement

A 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope.

(German) National Socialism (Nazism)

A movement and political party driven by extreme nationalism and racism, led by Adolf Hitler; its adherents ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945 and forced Europe into World War II.

Enabling Act

An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.

Appeasement

The British policy toward Germany prior to World War II that aimed at granting Hitler's territorial demands, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war.

New order

Hitler's program based on racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the "Nordic" peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position; and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans."

Holocaust

The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and other groups deemed racially inferior during the Second World War.

Collective Harmony

The practice, art, and/or principle in which the foundational principle is that people should value and behave with the interest of the collective (country and its citizens) over individual interests. Used by Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler \---\> state-controlled social engineering projects

Stalinism

Stalin's government system that was acheived in the name of Communism but was more like totalitarianism; benefited only government and relied on terror tactics, secret police, bogus trials and assassination

"gray zone" of moral compromise

defined everyday life in totalitarian society (by Holocaust survivor Primo Levi)

Rebellion of Kronstadt

An open rebellion by previously pro-Bolshevik sailors at Kronstadt. Repressed by Lenin

Central Committee of the Communist Party (1922)

the high-level governing body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, from which the inner Politburo drew its members. (STALIN ROSE TO GENERAL SECRETARY, USED POWER TO WIN ALLIES)

"socialism in one country"

Joseph Stalin's theory/concept of Russian communism based solely on the Soviet Union rather than the Leninist concept of international revolution; by cutting off the Soviet Union from other economies, the USSR avoided worst consequences of the Great Depression. (MORE APPEALING THAN TROTSKY'S DOCTRINE OF "PERMANENT REVOLUTION")

"deviation from the general party line"

Stalin's December 1927 final triumph at the party congress. Allowed Stalin and his followers to launch "the revolution from above"

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Federal system of 4 soviet republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991.

"liquidation"

seizure of property from kulaks

man-made famine in Ukraine (1932)

3.5M deaths

State Planning Commission (Gosplan)

the part of the Soviet government that oversaw Stalin's rapid industrialization; it set goals for production in every area of economic life and attempted to organize the economy to meet those goals. (CREATED TO SET PRODUCTION GOALS AND CONTROL DELIVERIES OF RAW AND FINISHED MATERIALS)

"idol of Stalinist age"

steel

Social Realism

a style of art in which communist values and life under communism are glorified

(Top Soviet officer) Sergei Kivet's death

Stalin blamed the assassination on "Fascists agents"

"great purge" 1936-1938

- ordered by Stalin

-purged Old Bolsheviks and other political rivals who threatened Stalin's power

- Created a new communist party staffed with members who demonstrated total loyalty to Stalin

- mid 1930s - launched a program of state sponsored terror that began with show trials to eliminate Old Bolsheviks ( the Great terror)

Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin)

Dictator of Russia, named man of steel. Was of lowly backgrounds but rose to power. Only in it for himself. Created 5 year plans.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (PROMISED A "RETURN TO ORDER" AS PRIME MINISTER) (GAINED SUPPORT FROM CATHOLICS)

Victor Emmanuel II

let Mussolini take control

The majority party in Italy in 1924

Fascist party

Giacomo Matteotti

Was a leading noncommunist, socialist leader and member of Parliament that the fascists murdered. Had frequently criticized Mussolini and had exposed the criminality of the fascist movement. Deputies that were against the murder withdrew from parliament and were not given readmission. This gave Mussolini more freedom to do as he wished.

"Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state" Quote by \_____

Mussolini

Newspapers, radio, and film promoted a "cult of the Duce" (leader)

portrayed Mussolini as a powerful strongman who embodied the best qualities of the Italian people.

"Fascism, in its entirety, is the resurrection of Roman-ness."

propaganda

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born. Moved to Vienna, took interest in Social Darwinism. He became the Dictator of Germany, implemented Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

German Workers' Party

A tiny extremist group in Munich that Hitler joined in 1919. Renamed to "Nationalist Socialist German Workers' Party" when Hitler gained control

Beer Hall Putsch

Hitler's attempt, in 1923, to overthrow the Weimar Republic when he fired his pistol in the ceiling of a Munich beer hall \----\> National Socialism born

Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923; the book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non-Aryans. Germans were the "master race" w/ "pure blood." Other races were "racial degenerates." Hitler described that Germany needed "Lebensraum" (Living space) \----\> Germans would take over EU and replace the "subhumans." (Presented the idea of a Fuhrer --\> a leader with unlimited power w/ peoples' will and would lead country to victory)

Great Depression(1929) led to \_________

the Nazi rise in power

Chancellor Heinrich Bruning

-tried to overcome economic crisis by cutting government spending

-conservative econ policies \---\> worsened German's economic crisis

-aided to Hitler's approval

Jan 30, 1933

Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany, appointed by President Hindenburg

Febuary 1933 \---\> Reichstag building burned

Hitler blamed it on Communists

German Labor Front

National Socialist trade union organization which replaced the various trade unions of the Weimar Republic after Adolf Hitler's rise to power.

Nazi Storm Troopers (the SA)

The quasi-military band of 3 million toughs in brown shirts who had fought communists and beaten up Jews before the Nazis took power. They expected top positions in the army and even talked of a "second revolution" against capitalism which would create equality among Germans.

On June 30, 1934

Hitler launched "the Night of long knives" \---\> SS executed and arrested about a hundred SA leaders and political enemies.

Heinrich Himmler

German Nazi who was the ruthless leader of the SS who took over the political police and concentration camp system.

"coordination"

Nazi policy that forced existing institutions to conform to National Socialist ideology

-burned books in public squares, etc

"deviants"

Jews, Slavs, Sinti and Roma, homosexuals, and Jehovah's Witness

2 Nazi categories of "raical hygiene"

"hereditary ill"

- people with chronic mental/physical disabilities

"asocials"

- common criminals, prostitutes, "work shy" (chronically unemployed), beggars and vagrants, and others on the margins of German society

Nazi "Racial State"

barbarianism and race hatred were institutionalized with the force of science and law

German Society for Racial Research

new universities that defined racial differences (wrote studies that measured and defined racial differences)

Sterilization Laws

Series of laws of forced sterilization, those who were disabled or mentally ill were killed through starvation or drug overdose. Led to Germany's Euthanasia Program and the "Final Solution" which targeted those who did not fit within the vision of the racially and genetically pure people of Germany.

"mercy killing"

coldhearted euthanasia program by Nazis that systematically murdered around 70k Germans with disabilities

Jewish "menace"

propaganda

Professional Civil Service Restoration Act

banned Jews from working in government jobs

Nuremburg Laws (1935)

deprived German Jews of citizenship, defined as Jewish any person with one Jewish grandparent, prohibited Jews from publishing any written material, acting on stage or screen,teaching, exhibiting artworks, giving concerts, or belonging to professional organizations

Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

Nazi organized riot against the Jews on November 9, 1938. Mobs ransacked more than 7k Jewish shops and synagogues, 91 died, 30,000 were sent to concentration camps.

Aryanization

Hitler's plan to create an entire race of Aryans, Jews were fired from their jobs and expelled from school in order to cleanse the community, germans replaced them

Volksgemeinschaft

People's Community"; The Nazi slogan expressing the desire to create a classless, unified German society. Nazi attempt to control all aspects of lives with secret police, massive rallies and parades and heavy censorship; wanted to spread ideologies so began Hitler Youth Programs to encourage kids to turn in disloyal adults; also gave loans to people for reproduction of the Aryan race

Mass organizations

Hitler Youth, League of German Women, German Labor Front

Volkswagen

people's car

1933

Germany withdraws from the League of Nations

1936 - Rome-Berlin Axis

Military alliance between Italy and Germany (and Japan)

General Fransisco Franco

Spanish fascist general who revolted and overthrew the spanish republican government. Germany and Italy intervened and helped.

1938

Nazis gain control of Austrian gov

British Prime Minister (Neville Chamberlain) + France

allowed for Germans to take Sudetenland

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further. Neville Chamberlain spoke of "peace for our time"

nonaggression pact

1939-Secret agreement between German leader Hitler and Soviet Leader Stalin not to attack one another and to divide Poland

September 1, 1939

Germany invades Poland, WW2 started 2 days later

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", type of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII, not compromising

Battle of Britain (July 1940)

series of air strikes on Britain by Germany from August to November of 1940 in an attempt to gain air supremacy.

Marshall Henri Philippe Petain

-new French gov "the Vichy"

-National Socialist ideology

-placed French Jews in the hands of the Nazis

Himmler's elite SS corps

-program of "mass settlement space" \---\> ethnic germans would resettle abandoned lands from jews, ukranians and Russians, who would either be killed or die out.

Polish Home Army (underground members)

The Polish nationalist resistance group that fought German occupation during WWII. Passed intelligence about German operations to the Allies and committed sabotage. Led by government in exile in London.

"ghettos"

Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live. 500k died in terrible conditions. (Lodz and Warsaw ghettos)

1941

German invasion of the Soviet Union

Special Task Force (Einsatzgruppen)

-3 death military squads

-followed advancing German armies

-murdered 2M civilians

-moved town from town , shooting Jews

"the final solution of the Jewish solution"

\__________________ was the euphemistic term used by the Nazi German authorities to refer to the plan to annihilate European Jews.

Warsaw Ghetto Uprising (1943)

a revolt that took place in April 1943 in the Warsaw Ghetto when the Germans attempted to deport the remaining inhabitants to Treblinka. The defense forces fought the Germans for 27 days before the ghetto was destroyed

"desk murders"

people who sent trains to the east from Berlin

Japanese race theory

Asian races were far superior to Western ones, according to this theory.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

As announced in 1940 by Japan's prime minister, the area extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies in which Japan would expand its influence