head & neck anatomy chapter 1 & 2

anatomic position

position in which the body is erect, with arms at the sides, palms and toes directed forward, and eyes looking forward

apex

pointed end of a conical structure

contralateral

structure on the opposite side of the body

ipsilateral

structure on the same side of the body

median plane

divides the body into EQUAL right and left sides

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sections

superior

area that faces toward the head of the body, away from the feet

inferior

area that faces away from the head and toward the feet

proximal

area closer to the median plane of the body

distal

area that is farther away from the median plane of the body (end of the structure)

lateral

area that is farther away from the median plane of the body

anterior

front of an area of the body

ventral

front of an area of the body

posterior

back of an area of the body

dorsal

back of an area of the body

midsagittal plane (median)

plane created by an imaginary line that divides the body into right and left halves

horizontal plane

plane created by an imaginary line that divides the body at any level into superior and inferior parts

frontal plane

plane created by an imaginary line that divides the body at any level into anterior and posterior parts

midsagittal section

section of the body through the median plane

frontal section

section of the body through any frontal plane

transverse section

section of the body through any horizontal plane

medial

area that is closer to the median plane of the body/structure

buccal

structures closest to the inner cheek

labial

structures closest to the lips

facial

structure closes to the facial structure

lingual

structures closest to the tongue

palatal

structures closest to the palate

surface anatomy

study of the structural relationships of the external features of the body to the internal organs/structures

golden portion

guidelines used to consider the facial view of the anterior teeth or the vertical dimensions of the face to create a pleasing proportion

vertical dimension of the face

face divided it thirds

12 regions of the head

1. frontal
2. parietal
3. occipital
4. temporal
5. zygomatic
6. infraorbital
7. orbital
8. oral
9. mental
10. auricular
11. nasal
12. buccal

frontal region

includes the forehead and the area superior to the eyes

supraorbital ridge (frontal region)

also known as the supercilliary ridge; where your eyebrows areg

glabella (frontal region)

area between your eyebrows, smooth elevated area on the frontal bone between the supraorbital ridges

frontal eminence (frontal region)

2 rounded elevations on the frontal bone of the skull

parietal and occipital regions are covered by the ___?

scalp

scalp

consists of layers of soft tissue covering the bones of the skull; it is highly vascular

temporal region

includes the temple area, as well as the superficial side of the head posterior to the eyes

the articular region’s prominent feature is ____?

external ear

the external ear consists of the _____?

auricle and the external acoustic meatus (EAM)

EAM (external acoustic meatus)

a tube through which sound waves are transmitted to the middle ear

the superior and posterior free margins of the auricle is called the ___ which ends inferiorly at the ___

helix; lobule

upper apex of the helix

level with the eyebrows and glabella

lobule

level with the apex of the nose (tip)

tragus

small flap of tissue anterior to the EAM

intertragic notch

between the tragus and antitragus

orbital region

region of the head with the eyeball and all of its supporting structures

orbit

eye cavity that contains the eyeballs

lacrimal gland

gland that secretes tears

pupil

black area in the center of the iris that responds to changing light conditions

iris

central area of coloration of the eyeball

sclera

white outer layer of the eyeball

medial canthus

inner angle of the eye

lateral canthus

outer corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet

nasal region

the region of the head where the main feature is the external nose

root

area of the nasal region between the eyes

nasion

midline junction between the nasal and frontal bones

bridge

bony structure inferior to the nasion in the nasal region

ala

winglike cartilaginous structures that laterally bound the nares

naris

nostril of the nose

septum

vertical partition of the nose

infraorbital

inferior to the orbit and lateral to the nasal region

zygomatic

lateral to the infraorbital region, over the zygomatic arch, toward the ear

buccal region

the cheek forms on the side of the face and is composed of soft tissues like fat and muscles

the oral region includes:

* lips
* oral cavity
* palate
* tongue
* floor of the mouth
* pharynx

vermilion zone

darker appearance of the lips

vermilion border

outline of the lip from the surrounding tissue

philtrum

vertical groove extending from the nasal septum

labial commissure

corner of the mouth where the upper and lower lips meet

tubercle of the upper lip

thicker area in the upper lip where the philtrum terminates

nasolabial sulcus

groove running upward between the labial commissure and the ala

labiomental groove

groove that separates the lower lip from the chin

oral cavity

inside the mouth

maxilla

upper jaw

mandible

lower jaw

mucosa

mucous membrane lining the oral cavity, labial and buccal

vestibules

upper and lower spaces among the cheeks, lips, and gingival tissues of the oral region

alveolar mucosa

mucosa that lines the vestibules of the oral region

lingual, palatal, facial/labial, buccal

refer to positions in the mouth

mucobuccal fold

fold in the vestibule where the labial or buccal mucosa meets the alveolar mucosa

labial frenum

fold of tissue or frenulum located at the midline between the labial mucosa and alveolar mucosa of the maxilla and mandible

gingiva

mucosa surrounding the maxillary and mandibular teeth (gums)

attached gingiva

gingiva that tightly adheres to the bone over the roots of the teeth

mucogingival junction

border between the attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa

marginal gingiva

nonattached gingiva at the gingival margin of each tooth

interdental gingiva/papilla

attached gingiva between the teeth

alveolar mucosa characteristics

red, thin, and moveable

attached gingiva characteristics

tight, thick, and pink

mucogingival junction characteristics

appears scalloped

palate

roof of the mouth

anterior part of palate

hard palate (85%)

median palatine raphe

midline fibrous band

palatine rugae

irregular ridges of tissues surrounding the incisive papilla on the hard palate

incisive papilla

bulge of tissue on the hard palate over the incisive foramen

posterior part of palate

soft palate (15%)

uvula

midline muscular structure that hangs from the posterior margin of the soft palate

base of the tongue

posterior third or root of the tongue

body of the tongue

anterior two thirds of the tongue

apex of the tongue

tip of the tongue

lingual papillae

small elevated structures covering the dorsal surface of the body of the tongue