Anatomy & Physiology - Midterm Review

water

most abundant compound

diffusion

molecules move from high to low concentration

selectively permeable membrane

allows some molecules through but not others

epithelium

tissues that cover all body parts

matrix

material that separates connective tissue cells

neuron

nerve cells

melanin

pigment produced by melanocytes

abduction

movement of a body part away from the midline

periosteum

fibrous protective connective tissue covering on long bones

lever system (4 parts)

rod, fulcrum ,weight, force

lactic acid

build up during exercise, causes muscle fatigue

all or none principle

muscle cell contracts completely

threshold stimulus

minimum strength or stimulation needed to elicit a muscle contraction

osteocytes

bone cells

physiology

study of body functions

homeostasis

maintain stable internal environment

superior

closer to head

electrolytes

compounds that release ions when dissolved in water

endoplasmic reticulum

network of interconnected membranes

hypertonic solution

solution outside of a cell contains a greater concentration of dissolved particles than contents of the cell

active transport

cell process that requires energy

osteonic canals

runs perpendicular to harvesian canal and connects osteons

intra-membranous bone

bone that develops between sheet like layers of connective tissue

lacunae

miscroscopic chambers that house mature bone cells

cleft palate

incomplete development of maxilla

oxygen debt

amount of oxygen needed to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose

extension (movement)

increase of the angle between articulating bones

latent period

delay between application of a stimulus a response

hyper extension (ex)

tipping head backwards

muscle tone

result of a partial but sustained contraction

tendon

fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

insertion (muscle)

connect to the bone that moves

cardiac muscle

heart

cell

basic unit of structure and function

ion

electrically charged atoms or molecules

compound (ex)

ex. H2O, most abundant in human body

external oblique

compresses abdomen

deltoid

abducts arm

rectus femoris

extends leg at knee

biceps brachii

flexes forearm

hamstring

muscle group, flexes lower leg

mitochondria

supply energy to cells

membrane proteins function as…

receptors, channels, pores

epithelial tissue

secretion, absorption, protection

skin

largest organ, regulate body temp, excrete waste, retard H2O loss

melanocytes

protect deeper cells from sunlight

enzyme (cholinesterase)

cause acetylcholine to decompose

meniscus

cushion surface for bones

keratin

protein in epidermis, hair, and nails

melanin

provides pigmentation to skin, hair, eyes

levels of organization

1. organelles
2. tisues


1. organs
2. organ system

anatomical position

standing erect, face forward

substances that makeup 95% of the human body

C, H, O, N

ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate

2:1

element w/ atomic number of 6

Ca (carbon)

describe the formula H2O

one molecule, 2 H, 1 O

explain osmosis

special form of diffusion

What is the end result of mitosis and cytoplasmic division?

2 separate identical cells

steps of mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What happens during metaphase of mitosis?

chromosomes line up between centrioles

4 basic types of body tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What does loose connective tissue contain?

collagen, elastic fibers (gel like inter-cellular material)

muscle tissue that can be consciously controlled

skeletal

characteristics of skin

layer : epidermis (stratified squamous cels), dermis (thicker), subcutaneous

importance of regulation of body temp

maintain metabolic reactions

Coxal bone includes . . . ?

ilium, ischium, pubis

bones of the lower limb

femur, tibia, fibula

bones of the upper limb

humerus, radius, ulna

bones of the axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, (hyoid)

bones of the appendicular skeleton

upper and lower limbs, girdles

facial bone

maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, conchae, mandible

Hard palate is composed of what bones?

maxilla, palatine

bones of pectoral girdle

clavicle, scapula

bones of pelvic girdle

coxal bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)

compare skeletal and smooth muscle contraction

smooth muscle is slower

cause of rigor mortis

lack of ATP

distal

farther from point of attachment

lateral

toward side

atom configuration

protons, neutrons, electrons

What happens in anaphase?

chromosomes separate (duplicated parts of chromosomes become separated)

characteristics of muscle fiber

many nuclei

composition of vascular tissue

RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma

make up of a motor unit

motor neuron and surrounding muscle fibers it controls

bones of hand and wrist

carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

bones of foot and ankle

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

trapezius

\

rectus abdominis

\

tibialis anterior

\

sternocleidomastoid

\

pectoralis major

\

vastus lateralis (quadricep)

\

vastus medialis

\

semimembranosus & semitendinosus (quadricep)

\

gastrocnemius

\

triceps brachii

\

latissimus dorsi

\

gluteus medius

\

gluteus maximus

\

biceps femoris (hamstring)

\

rhomboideus major

\