Honors World History Midterm 2023

What is feudalism?

· A system of structuring society that prioritize exchange of labor and goods for protection and land

What is the Abbasid Caliphate?

· 3rd caliphate after the Muhammad's death

Focused on non Arab Muslims (Persians)

What was the Abbasid Caliphate's capital?

Baghdad

What is the House of Wisdom?

School/center of knowledge in Baghdad, functional like a university, place where knowledge was shared by big known people, visiting scholars, text translation into Arabic preserving them

Who were the Mongols?

· Nomadic tribe from central Asia · Barbarian stereotype · Pastoral people with special skill as horsemen · Built and maintained the largest continued land empire in world history

What was the Crusades?

· Holy Wars started by the Pope in 1100 CE

What is cultural diffusion?

Something that happens when countries comes into another and transfers language, belief, idea, and knowledge through exposures.

What is the Grand Canal?

Connected China, spreads $, helps economy but was forced labor and was expensive

What is Uyghur Script?

· Adopted written script from Genghis Khan

What is Pax Mongolica?

Mongolian peace

What was the Yuan Dynasty?

Kublai Khan unite Northern Song Dynasty with Southern Song in 1279 to establish the Yuan Dynastys

Where did Genghis Khan established his capital city?

Khara Khorum

What is Jasagh?

· Legal code created by Genghis Khan

What is Sinicization?

· Making something Chinese/adopting policies

What is benevolent rule?

· To rule with good intention/ policies created that benefit individual citizens

What was the major trading city that connected Europe with Asia, had elaborate trade networks that connected the Italian City States to the Middle East

Constantinople / Istanbul

What is the Renaissance?

· A period of rebirth and revival of Greek, Roman, and Islamic knowledge that occurred in Europe beginning in Italy around 1350 CE

What is patronage?

Monetary sponsorships of artists by wealthy family or individual

What is a focus on human ability and achievement, a shift in societies value from medieval called?

Humanism

Whats Counterreformation?

Church's would attempt to clarify church doctrine, strengthen spiritually, attack Protestant faith

What was the period of putting heretics on trial for crimes against the church called? Inquisition

Inquisition

Missionaries/education evangelization who were used to get more followers for the Christian faith were called what?

The Jesuits

Who was Genghis Khan?

United the Mongol tribe and became the founder o Adopted a written script called uyghur o Created a legal code called Jasagh that led to the Pax Mongolica

Who is Temujin?

Genghis Khan real name before he led the Mongols

What is Neo

Confucianism?

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

What is Maritime trade?

sea trade

What did the Mind Dynasty do?

Return of Chinese and Confucian ideas to the throne ethnic rule to China

What is the Mandate of Heaven?

Ancient Chinese believed it gave a dynasty the right to rule Right to rule came from Heaven

What is the Middle Kingdom?

Unique identity didn't believe they were · China is the center of civilization · also called Zhong Guo

What are fabled Unicorns? ·

Giraffes were labeled by the Chinese · Was the first animal tributed to the Yongle emperor

What is filial piety?

devotion of children to their parents devotion to subjects to their rulers

What is the Forbidden City?

·built during the Ming Dynasty, it was a large area of palaces and gardens that was off limits to all except top officials · Built by Zhu Di and constructed based on Confucian ideas

What is the tributary system? What was the outcome?

·countries acknowledged the supremacy of the Chinese emperor
·The tributary system was the Chinese way to manage trading with international and foreign relations.
· The outcome was the Chinese economy was amazing and had a lot of respect. A lot of countries were able to build their economies from China too. Also sea trade started to build up during this time of trade.

What is the Global Silver Trade?

Results in cultural diffusion to China through Mexican Peso and New World Crops
· First start in globalization throughout the world

What was the exchange of new crops, animals, diseases between the Americans and Afro

euraisians called?

Columbian Exchange

What is mercantilism?

wealth=power

What is the Atlantic Slave Trade?

the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas · Effect from the Columbian Exchange

What is the divine right of kings?

the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

What is the philosophes? Who were they?

· French philosophers

· Montesquieu, Rosseau, Voltaire, Diderot

Who is Kublai Khan?

·Genghis Khan's grandson,

·conquered the Sung dynasty in China in 1279

·created the Yuan Dynasty

Who is Michelangelo?

·Artist in Florence and Rome during the Renaissance period ·Painted the Sistine Chapel

Who is Filippo Brunelleschi?

Inventor of scale and perspectives

Who was the Medici family?

a wealthy banking family who supported many artists

Who created the printing press? Johannes Gutenberg

Johannes Gutenberg

Who was Leonardo da Vinci?

painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist

who was Martain Luther?

Posted 95 theses and was hunted down

Who was emperor Charles V ?

Emperor Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556.

Who was Emperor Hongwu?

Zhu Yuan Zhang who was born a peasant

Who was Emperor Yongle?

Zhu Di

Who was Christopher Columbus?

An Italian sailor that sailed for spain and "discovered the americas" in 1492

Who was Vasco de Gama?

Portuguese captain who sailed around Cape of Good Hope

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

Portuguese explorer

What characteristics differentiate Renaissance art from the Medieval Art that came before it?

Medieval looks old not as nice, very gothic architecture and was very large. Structure were also very pointy and had stained glasses that told stories · Renaissance looks new provides emotion and realism. Revived the look of arches and Domes. Had qualities of Greek & Roman architectures and used columns for support

What is the Columbian Exchange? In what ways did it lead to the first era of Globalization?

The Columbian Exchange is the exchange of new crops, animals, diseases between the Americans and Afro Eurasia. The trade of all these big products increased the want to have stuff from other countries and wanting to try new stuff. Also by trading the negatives of diseases other countries and areas were able to build their immune systems and learn how to treat these diseases.

For what reasons could the Mongols be considered "barbarians" by some throughout history?

The way they handled taking over other lands and tribes. They were known to pillage and rape just because and not for a purpose just to ensure fear in others.

Explain the order of the major events as they took place in the Protestant Reformation

1\. Martain Luther posts 95 Theses on the door of the church in Wittenberg

2\. Diet of Worms called by Charles V, Martain Luther flees and is harbored by Fredrick the Wise

3\. Peace of Augsburg Charles V legalizes Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire

4\. Church try to clarify the church doctrine against the attacks of the Protestant faith The Church bans the selling of indulgences and start putting heretics on trial for crimes against the church to attack the Protestant Reformation

Choose one Enlightenment Thinker and explain how their ideas may have inspired particular moments of Atlantic Revolutions (French, Haitian, Mexican, Brazilian, Venezuelan ·

· John Locke's idea of natural rights and the right to liberty & property could have been an idea that sparked the Haitian Revolution. Slaves were brought up to think they didn't have natural rights and couldn't have properties so when they heard the idea of a government where everyone had a right to these things that never did they took it and wanted to make it into something real. They started to fight for their natural rights and in the end were able to succeeded and to a point lived the life of having rights and the right to liberty and property.

Explain the most important events of the French Revolution in the order they occurred.

1\. Started in salons where people could share and debate new ideas for governments and just the world in general

2\. The third estate broke away from the estate generals and wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man

3\. The third estate then storms the prison of Bastille sparking the first symbol of their revolution to the rest of the estates

4. The third estate then starts to make new laws with their own opinions not based on the king dictatorship which turns into them making fractions of the moderates and radicals

5\. Then comes the Reign of Terror which was the radical fraction who took it upon themselves to persecute people for going against the government and execute them and in these people they executed King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

What was the Diet of Worms?

A council held between Luther and Charles V. Luther swore on a stack of Bibles, the council asked Luther to reject the 95 theses

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

·Agreement to accept division of Christianity in Germany · Charles V legalizes Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire

What is the first estate? ·

Clergy(priests & bishop)

· 1% of the population

· Paid no taxes collected immense profit from peasants who worked on their land

What is the Second Estate?

Nobles

· 2% of the population

· Paid few taxes collected dues from peasant

· Seen as thoughtless, extravagant and irresponsible

What is the Third Estate?

· 97% of the population

· Bore the brunt of taxes

· Includes bourgeoisie, artisans, laborers, and peasants

· Had to pay tithes to the church

Upper middle class but didn't have a title were called?

Bourgeoisie

Who was Henry the Navigator?

King of Portugal

Who was John Locke? philosopher

life, liberty, and property

Who was Jean

Jacques Rousseau?

Who was Baron Montesquieu? What were his beliefs?

a philosopher

Who was Voltaire?

Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech

Who was Simon Bolivar?

A Venezuelan revolutionary leader

Who was Father Miguel Hidalgo?

The father for Mexican independence

Who was King Louis XIV?

Absolute monarch who ruled France and believed in his divine right (answers to God).

Who was King Louis XVI's wife?

Marie Antoinette

Who is Maximilien Robespierre?

He was the leader of the Reign of Terror

Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?

title was First Consul and had command over the army, navy

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?

A former slave that led a slave revolt in Haiti that eventually won independence for Haiti

What was the French Revolution?

· Financial crisis starts and the tax system starts failing

· Social unrest /inequality which caused people to start to plan a revolt

· Rise in population with a raise in unemployment

All these problems were happening at the same time as enlightenment values are being thought

What was the Haitian Revolution?

· Wanted to be a free colony and the end of slavery after a slave revolt they were granted their freedom
· Considered the only successful slave revolt in world history
· After their freedom Haiti suffered and became a poor country suffering from bitter and racial divisions and enormous financial debt

What was the Encyclopedie?

Philosophies ideas all into a single book
· Invented by Johannes Gutenberg
· Led to the spread of Renaissance ideas via books

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A movement intended to bring religious reforms of the Roman Catholic Church

Buying way into Heaven or time in Purgatory by doing good work was called?

Indulgences

Churches attempts to clarify the church doctrine, strengthen spiritually, and attack Protestant faith was called?

Counterreformation

What are similarities and differences between the Atlantic Revolutions (US, France, Haiti, Mexico, Brazil, Gran Colombia?

The US revolutions had many people backing them to where they weren't put in the positions where they would have a bunch of debt to repay because they had the military they needed
· Haiti didn't have a good backing for them because nobody wanted a country where slaves were free to basically choose what they wanted to do so when they got free and they were still forced to pay the people that help them in slavery for so long back
· The similarities were both of the revolutions cost a bunch of money and there was a lot of bloodshed

What is popular sovereignty?

the idea that political authority belongs to the people

What is consent of the governed?

The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people.

What was the Edict of Nantes?

Declaration of religious toleration

What was the Fronde?

a civil war, nobles who revolted against King Louis XIV because they were mad at the amount of power the Cardinal had.

What was the National Assembly?

· Formed when the third estate broke away from the Estate Generals of 1789
· Created the legislative assembly that helped create the Constitution of 1791

What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man?

· Meant to advocate for their individual rights and freedom
· written by the third estate

What happened during the Storming of Bastille?

· the third estate stormed the bastille prison in prison
· one of the first official acts in the French Revolution
· Came to stand as a symbol of tyranny of the monarchy

What happened during the Reign of Terror?

· A period of the French Revolution when the radical wing of the National Convention took power and formed the Committee for Public Safety
· Was led by Maximilien Robespierre
· Was meant to prosecute people for crimes against the government
Executed 40,00 citizen by guillotine

what is making scenes appear 3

D dimensional is called?

Perspective

What was the Holy Roman Empire?

multi ethnic complex of territories in central Europe · Established in the 8th century after the Battle of Tours in 732 · Most known for the rule of Charlemagne · Not actually Holy

What was the 95 Theses?

A list of 95 specific criticisms of the Catholic Church written by Martin Luther

What is Neo

Confucianism? blending Confucianism and Buddhism

Who was Fredrick the Wise?

Harbored Martain Luther when Charles V was trying to execute him

Who was King Henry VIII?

King of England who created the Church of England

What was the Byzantine Empire?

· The continuation of the eastern half of the Roman Empire
· Fell when Constantinople did
· Preserved Greek, Roman, Islamic culture after the fall of Rome
Had elaborate trade networks that connected the Italian City States to the Middle East

What was the Ottoman Empire?

Conquered the Byzantines: took Constantinople in 1453.

What were the Ming Voyages?

More efficient than land trade routes
· Could carry more goods
· Exploration to more areas