Biollo

What are the domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Domain Bacteria and Archea

Both consist of microscopic organisms with relatively simple cells. Archea often live in extreme environments such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. (unicellular and no nucleus)

Domain Eukarya

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals.

What are the kingdoms?

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Protists (Domain Eukarya)

Diverse collection of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.

Kingdom Plantae

Plants which produce their own food through photosynthesis.

Kingdom Fungi

a diverse group whose members mostly decompose the remains of dead organisms and organic wastes and absorb the nutrients into their cells

Kingdom Animalia

obtain food by eating other organisms

Hierarchy of Organization

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, organs and organ system, tissue, cell, organelle, molecule

A hypothesis is

a proposed explanation for an observation

An experiment is

a scientific test carried out under controlled conditions

data

recorded observations

theory

supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers (mass, volume)

Qualitative

Data in the form of words (color, gender)

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

depends on, or is affected by, the manipulated variable

controlled experiment

is one in which an experimental group is compared to a control group. Ideally only differ in one variable.

order of scientific method

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion

Tree of life

the phylogenetic tree that includes all organisms. A species represents one twig on a branching tree that extends back in time through ancestral species more and more remote.

DNA provides

the master instructions for all of a cell's functions. It is also the heritable information that is passed from one generation to the next

Each DNA molecule is made up of

two long chains, called strands, coiled together into a double helix. The strands are made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides

RNA

A genes information is first transcribed from DNA to an intermediate molecule, RNA. An RNA molecule carries information to the protein manufacturing machinery in the cell.

DNA function

DNA replicates and stores genetic information. It is a blueprint for all genetic information contained within an organism. (found in nucleus and some present in mitochondria)

RNA function

RNA converts the genetic information contained within DNA to a format used to build proteins, and then moves it to ribosomal protein factories. (forms in nucleolus then moves to specialized regions of the cytoplasm)

Matter

is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Compound

a substance of two or more difference different elements combined in a fixed ratio.

Human elements

Require 25, 6 main are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous (makeup 99%)

Trace elements in humans

Make up less than 0.01%, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium and zinc

Atoms consist of

protons, neutrons, electrons

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that

still retains the properties of an element

A proton

is a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge

An electron

is a subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge

A neutron

is electrically neutral

Atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass number

the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus

atomic mass

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

Isotopes

have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons, behave identically in chemical reactions

Radioactive isotope

is one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy, can be helpful to date fossils

electron shells

An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.

Each orbital can hold how many electrons?

2 electrons

The first electron shell has one orbital so it can hold

2 electrons

valence shell

The outermost shell of an atom, mostly determines the chemical properties of an atom. Atoms whose outer shells are not full tend to interact with other atoms in ways that enable them to complete or fill their valence shells.

When two atoms with incomplete outer shells interact

they may give up accept or share electrons so that both partners end up with completed outer shells

chemical bonds

the attractive forces that hold atoms together

ionic bond

The transfer of an electron between atoms

covalent bond

Do not transfer but share electrons between them

valence or bonding capacity

Number of additional electrons needed to fill the valence shell (how many covalent bonds it can form)

molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Electronegativity

a measure of an atoms attraction for shared electrons

nonpolar covalent bonds

equal sharing of electrons (a covalent bond between two atoms of the same element, they have the same electronegativity) atoms of elements that are similar in electronegativity such as carbon and hydrogen also share electrons fairly equally between them.

Polar covalent bond

formed when two atoms have differing electronegativity. Negatively charged electrons are drawn more closely to the more electronegative element, as a result that atom carries a more negative charge and the other a more positive charge.

Four common molecules

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Methane, and water

ionic bonds are

attractions between ions of opposite charge

Salt is what type of compound

ionic

What is weaker ionic or covalent bonds?

covalent bonds are weaker

Ion

an atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of one or more electrons

Hydrogen bonds

Weak bonds, one of the most important

Polar molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

Chemical reactions

breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones

Reactants and products

Starting material, and the material resulting from the chemical reaction, atoms are grouped differently not lost

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O \------\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

surface tension

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Thermal energy

energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules

Evaporative cooling

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

Solution

a liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of two or more substances

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

aqueous solution

a solution in which water is the solvent

Acid

a substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers pH

Base

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

pH scale

Used to describe how acidic or basic something is, the lower the more acidic the higher the more basic

organic compounds

carbon-based molecules

Carbon has \____ electrons in its valence shell

four, it can hold 8, it completes its shell by sharing electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds

isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

functional groups

Polar, making the hydrophilic (water loving) and therefore soluble in water. Participate in chemical reactions

Hydroxyl group

consists of a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen (-OH) other organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called alcohols.

Carbonyl group

a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom (\>C==O)

Carboxyl group

consists of a carbon double-bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group (-COOH)

Amino group

has a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens (-NH2)

Phosphate group

phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (-OPO3^(2-)) usually too ionized

methyl group

consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms (-CH3)

The 4 important molecules that make up living things

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Macromolecules

large molecules (carbs proteins and nucleic acids)

Polymers

Cells make most of their macromolecules by joining smaller molecules into chains these are called \____

A polymer is a long

molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together

Monomers

The building blocks of polymers, cells link monomers together to form polymers using a dehydration reaction

dehydration reaction

a reaction that removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together

hydrolysis

break with water, bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule

Enzymes

specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

DNA is built from four monomers called

nucleotides

carbohydrates

class of molecules that range from small sugar molecules such as those dissolved in soft drinks, to large polysaccharides such as the starch molecules we consumed in pasta and potatoes

monosaccharides

are the monomers of carbohydrates (glucose and fructose) can be hooked together by dehydration reactions to form more complex sugar and polysaccharides.

molecular structure of glucose

C6H12O6 an isomer to fructose

disaccharide

constructed from two monosaccharide monomers by a dehydration reaction

Polysaccharides

are macromolecules, polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions, function as storage molecules or as structural compounds (starch glycogen and cellulose)