[Medterm] Treatment, Therapy, and Procedures Part 1

Biopsy

the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic, microscopic examination

can be obtained by:

- needle withdrawal of fluid

- a small punch, as of the skin

Endoscope

- a medical device with a light attached

- used to look inside a body cavity or organ

- inserted through a natural opening such as mouth during bronchoscopy, or the rectum for a sigmoidoscopy

Endoscopy

a medical procedure using any type of endoscope

bronchoscope

a type used to examine the respiratory bronchi

laparoscopy

a surgical procedure where a narrow, fibre optic tube is inserted through the skin of the abdomen through a pair of very small incisions to enable the specialist to see the abdominal contents reproductive organs

Laparo

walls of abdomen

scope

visualization

colonoscopy

a procedure that lets your health care provider check the inside of your entire colon (large intestine). The procedure is done using a long, flexible tube called a colonoscope. The tube has a light and a tiny camera on one end. It is put in your rectum and moved into your colon

colon

large intestine

oscopy

viewing with a scope

colonoscope

- an instrument used to perform colonoscopy

- flexible tube with light and camera

polyps

suspicious areas found during colonoscopy

Radiology

a branch of medicine that uses imaging technology to diagnose and treat disease

diagnostic and interventional radiology

two areas of radiology

radiologists

doctors who specialize in radiology

cineradiography

making of a motion picture of successive images appearing on a fluoroscopic screen

Computed tomography (CT, CT scan)

use of a computer to generate an image from a large number of x-rays passed at different angles through the body; a three-dimensional image of a cross-section of the body is obtained; reveals more about soft tissues than does simple radiography

fluoroscopy

use of x-rays to examine deep structures; the shadows cast by x-rays passed through the body are observed on a fluorescent screen

fluoroscope

device used in fluoroscopy

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

production of images through the use of a magnetic field and radio waves, the characteristics of soft tissue are revealed by differences in molecular properties; eliminates the need for x-rays and contrast media

positron emission tomography (PET)

production of images through the use of a magnetic field and radio waves, the characteristics of soft tissue are revealed by differences in molecular properties

eliminates the need for x-rays and contrast media production of sectional body images by administration of a natural substance, such as glucose, labeled with a positron-emitting isotope

the rays subsequently emitted are interpreted by a com- puter to show the internal distribution of the substance administered

has been used to follow blood flow through an organ and to measure metabolic activity within an organ, such as the brain, under different conditions

radiography

use of x-rays passed through the body to make a visual record (radiograph) of internal structures either on specially sensitized film or digitally

also called roentgenography after the developer of the technique

scintiscan

record produced in scintigraphy and usually specifies the part examined or the isotope used for the test, as in bone scan, gallium scan

scintigraphy

imaging the radioactivity distribution in tissues after internal administration of a radioactive sub- stance (radionuclide)

the images are obtained with a scintillation camera

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

scintigraphic technique that permits visualization of a radioisotope's cross-sectional distribution

ultrasonography

generation of a visual image from the echoes of high-frequency sound waves traveling back from different tissues

also called sonography and echography

1. Anteroposterior

2. Left lateral

3. Posteroanterior

4. Right lateral

Views for Radiography

AP

anteroposterior

LL

Left lateral

PA

Posteroanterior

RL

Right lateral

tumors, cancers, and internal bleeding

are best monitored and identified by CT scans

tumors and clots

MRI's imaging devices are more useful for the detection of these irregularities

Acute

patient with a sudden flare-up or potentially severe issue who needs immediate care.

Critical

Patient's vital signs are out of the normal range and patient may be unconscious.

Inpatient

Status of a patient who requires hospital admission.

Observation

A temporary status that allows patients to continue receiving care for a set amount of time in the hospital while the physician determines whether admission or discharge is best.

Outpatient

Status of a patient who is not admitted to a hospital for overnight care. This can include clinic visits, same-day surgeries, and one-day emergency room visits.

Epidural

an injection of a local anesthetic to the lumbar level of the spine often used to relieve pain during labor

Nocte

latin for at night, typically in reference to when medication should be administered.

Mane

latin for in the morning, typically in reference to when medication should be administered

OD

once daily

BDS

two times per day

TDS

three times per day

QDS

four times per day

PRN

take as needed

PR

to be taken rectally

POP

to be taken orally

IV push

direct, rapid injection of medication delivered intravenously

NS

normal saline, a mixture of salt and water similar to what's produced by the body

HS

hours of sleep

q15min

every 15 minutes

Blood culture

A test used to find any unusual bacteria or fungi in a patient's blood.

Blood gas

A test to show the gas-phase components of blood including oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH balance, etc.

120/80

normal blood pressure in adult

Blood swab

A blood sample taken with a cotton-tipped stick.

Bowel disimpaction

Manual removal of hardened fecal matter from a patient's rectum.

Central line

Catheter placed in a large vein that allows multiple IV fluids to be given and blood to be drawn more easily.

C-section

Shorthand for cesarean section the surgical delivery of a baby through the abdominal wall.

Puls/ox

Pulse oximetry, a measure of oxygen saturation in blood.

Dialysis

Procedure to filter blood for patients with kidney failure. Dia-through; lysis- loosening or splitting

Pulse

Measure of a pulsating artery.

Intubation

Insertion of an endotracheal tube to assist patient breathing.

Laparotomy

Any surgery involving an incision in the abdominal wall.

Lumbar puncture

Withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid through a hollow needle inserted into the lumbar region. Also referred to as a spinal tap

Sternotomy

Surgical opening of the breast bone.

Thoracotomy

Surgery on the chest cavity.

Tox screen

Toxicological analysis of the blood. Ordered when a drug overdose is suspected and the drugs need to be identified.

Ultrasound

A form of diagnostic imaging that uses high-frequency sound waves.

Venipuncture

The drawing of blood from a vein.

Treatment

management and care of a patient to combat disease or disorder.

Therapy

medical treatment is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a medical diagnosis.

Palliative therapy

treatment that provides relief but is not intended that eases pain and provides comfort but is not expected to change the outcome of the disease

Prognosis

a prediction about the course that a condition will take.(describes the condition's implications for future health.

Diagnosis

identifies a person's current health condition

Surgery

method for treating disease or injury by manual operations

Incision

process of cutting or puncturing tissue with a sharp instrument (suffix: - otomy)

Excision

act or procedure of removing by or as if by cutting out

Holistic healthcare

caring as a whole

Laser surgery

uses intense beam of light

Cautery

destruction of tissue by a harmful agent, such as by heat or a chemical

Fixation

process by which an injury is rendered immobile.

Surgical method For diagnosis

to remove tissue for laboratory study in ab biopsy

Surgical method For restoration

Surgery may compensate for lost function, as when a section of the intestine is redirected in a colostomy, a tube is inserted to allow breathing in a tracheostomy, a feeding tube is inserted, or an organ is transplanted.

Surgeons may perform plastic or reconstructive surgery to accommodate a prosthesis (substitute part), to restore proper appearance, or for cosmetic reasons.

Surgical method For relief

Palliative surgery relieves pain or discomfort, as by cutting the nerve supply to an organ or reducing the size of a tumor to relieve pressure.

*Surgery may be done in an emergency, urgent or elective

carcino

suffix for cancer

cancer

a disease in which some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body

etymology of cancer

karkinos

Karkinos

latin for crab

Grading and staging

2 methods to classify cancer

Grading

based on histologic (tissue) changes observed in tumor cells when they are examined microscopically. Grades increase from I to IV with increasing cellular abnormality.

Staging

procedure for establishing the clinical extent of tumor spread, both at the original site and in other parts of the body (metastases) (eg. TNM system T-primary Tumor, N-regional lymph nodes and M -distant metastases

T

primary Tumor

N

regional lymph nodes

M

distant metastases

Radiotherapy (Radiation therapy)

uses beams of intense energy to kill cancer cells. It most uses X-rays.

Chemotherapy

treatment with chemicals

Immunotherapy

use substances that stimulates the immune system as a whole or vaccines prepared specifically against a tumor.

Hormone therapy

a cancer treatment that slows or stops the growth of cancer that uses hormones to grow.

Remission

the signs and symptoms of the patient with cancer are reduced. It may be partial or complete. If it remains in complete remission for 5 years or more, some doctors may say that the patient is cured.