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Primary Group
A small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interaction over an extended period
Secondary group
is usually large, formal, impersonal, and a temporary collection of people that pursues a specific goal or activity
Example of primary group
families and close friends
example of secondary group
classes, work groups
In-group
People who share a sense of identity and belonging that typically excludes and devalues outsiders
Out-group
people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as having values, beliefs, or other characteristics different from ones own
Reference group
is a group of people that shape our behavior, values, and attitudes
Asch’s research found?
people will agree with obviously false judgement
What was Asch’s experiment?
a group of actors gave false answers and the test subject went along with the wrong answers
Zimbardos research found?
People will perform assigned roles in a group
what was Zimbardos experiment?
People were assigned roles in prison, and took the roles to far
Milgram’s research found?
people will cause pain to others if ordered to do so
What was Milgram's experiment
two actors a scientist and victim and the subject was order to give shocks increasing as the victim got it wrong
Groupthink
refers to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that result from in-group pressures
Authoritarian
parents use their power to control a child’s behavior
authoritative
parents set reasonable limits but are warm and responsive
Permissive
parents set few rules but are usually warm and responsive
Uninvolved
parents are indifferent and focus on their own needs
What is a formal organization?
A complex structured secondary group deliberately create to achieve specific goals
What is bureaucracy
Is a formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks by large numbers of people in the most efficient and rational way possible
What is a social institution?
the established patterns of beliefs, behaviors, and relationships that organize social life.
Total instituions
Place where people are isolated and required to learn new rules
Short comings of Bureaucracy
Weak reward system
rigid rules
goal displacement
alienation
communication problems
Parkinsons law
peter principle
iron law of oligarchy
dehumanization
Goal displacement
a preoccupation with rules and regulations rather than achieving objectives
Alienation
isolation, meaninglessness, powerlessness
Parkinson’s law
work expands to fit the time available
Peter Principle
promotion to ones level of incompetence
Iron law of oligarchy
Domination by a small group of individuals
Characteristics of Bureaucracy
A high degree of division of labor and specialization
hierarchy of authority
explicit written rules and regulation
impersonality
qualification-based employment
separation of work and employment
Status
A social position that we occupy
example of status
Student, professor, son, mother
Status inconsistency
a situation where an individual's social positions have both positive and negative influences on his or her social status.
status set
a collection of social statuses that an individual occupies
Ascribed status
is a position that we are born into(gender)
Achieved Status
is a position that we have through choice(athlete)
Master status
determines a persons identity
role
behavior that is expected of a person in a particular status
role performance
the actual behavior of a person who occupies a status
Emotional Labor
Management of feelings to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display
Who first introduced emotional labor
Feminist because this is mostly used by female
what did Erving Goffman introduce
Impression Management, Dramaturgical social analysis
how did Erving Goffman analyze social life
as a theater performance
Impression Management
Involves presenting ourselves in a favorable light by controlling setting appearance and manner
setting
physical space
appearance
clothing, hairstyles, props
manner
how we act
Agents of socialzation
Family, Play, Peers, School, Media
Family
parents teach children social roles and rules
play
promotes cognitive development
peers
reinforces desirable behavior or skills
school
enhances cognitive development
Social Media
websites that enable users to create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas
Levels of Development of self
Perception, interpretation, response
perception
perceive
interpretaion
Judge
respone
Experience
example of total institution
Prison
who created total institution
Erving Goffman
The social construction of reality
occurs as people perceive and understand through social interaction
example of Social construction of reality
Monday is Monday
Nonverbal Communication
messages that are sent without using words
Social Learning Theory
People learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction
Nature(who we are is based on)
Innate qualities, biology, due largely to hereditary, and fairly fixed
Doublespeak
language that pretends to communicate but really doesn’t
Looking glass theory
A self-image based on how we think other see us
who came up with the Looking glass theory
Charles Horton Cooley
I
Creative, impulsive, imaginative, spontaneous
ME
Internalized social roles
Social Structure
an organized pattern of behavior that governs people relationships
Social exchange theory
theory assumes that social interactions is based on maximizing rewards and minimizing cost
Socialization
lifelong process of an individual or group learning the expected norms and customs of a group or society through social interaction.
Principles of McDonaldization
Efficiency, uniformity/predictability, calculation, control through automation
Efficiency
do it quickly, optimum method to complete a task
calculability
do it according to plan
Predictability
leave nothing to chance
control
humans are the most unreliable factor. machines are better
who came up with the I and Me
George Herbert Mead
Self
Is composed of the I and Me
Resocialization
Process of unlearning old ways of doing and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behaviors
Note 
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