SOC, Exam 2

Primary Group

A small group of people who engage in intimate face-to-face interaction over an extended period

Secondary group

is usually large, formal, impersonal, and a temporary collection of people that pursues a specific goal or activity

Example of primary group

families and close friends

example of secondary group

classes, work groups

In-group

People who share a sense of identity and belonging that typically excludes and devalues outsiders

Out-group

people who are viewed and treated negatively because they are seen as having values, beliefs, or other characteristics different from ones own

Reference group

is a group of people that shape our behavior, values, and attitudes

Asch’s research found?

people will agree with obviously false judgement

What was Asch’s experiment?

a group of actors gave false answers and the test subject went along with the wrong answers

Zimbardos research found?

People will perform assigned roles in a group

what was Zimbardos experiment?

People were assigned roles in prison, and took the roles to far

Milgram’s research found?

people will cause pain to others if ordered to do so

What was Milgram's experiment

two actors a scientist and victim and the subject was order to give shocks increasing as the victim got it wrong

Groupthink

refers to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that result from in-group pressures

Authoritarian

parents use their power to control a child’s behavior

authoritative

parents set reasonable limits but are warm and responsive

Permissive

parents set few rules but are usually warm and responsive

Uninvolved

parents are indifferent and focus on their own needs

What is a formal organization?

A complex structured secondary group deliberately create to achieve specific goals

What is bureaucracy

Is a formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks by large numbers of people in the most efficient and rational way possible

What is a social institution?

the established patterns of beliefs, behaviors, and relationships that organize social life.

Total instituions

Place where people are isolated and required to learn new rules

Short comings of Bureaucracy

Weak reward system

rigid rules

goal displacement

alienation

communication problems

Parkinsons law

peter principle

iron law of oligarchy

dehumanization

Goal displacement

a preoccupation with rules and regulations rather than achieving objectives

Alienation

isolation, meaninglessness, powerlessness

Parkinson’s law

work expands to fit the time available

Peter Principle

promotion to ones level of incompetence

Iron law of oligarchy

Domination by a small group of individuals

Characteristics of Bureaucracy

A high degree of division of labor and specialization

hierarchy of authority

explicit written rules and regulation

impersonality

qualification-based employment

separation of work and employment

Status

A social position that we occupy

example of status

Student, professor, son, mother

Status inconsistency

a situation where an individual's social positions have both positive and negative influences on his or her social status.

status set

a collection of social statuses that an individual occupies

Ascribed status

is a position that we are born into(gender)

Achieved Status

is a position that we have through choice(athlete)

Master status

determines a persons identity

role

behavior that is expected of a person in a particular status

role performance

the actual behavior of a person who occupies a status

Emotional Labor

Management of feelings to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display

Who first introduced emotional labor

Feminist because this is mostly used by female

what did Erving Goffman introduce

Impression Management, Dramaturgical social analysis

how did Erving Goffman analyze social life

as a theater performance

Impression Management

Involves presenting ourselves in a favorable light by controlling setting appearance and manner

setting

physical space

appearance

clothing, hairstyles, props

manner

how we act

Agents of socialzation

Family, Play, Peers, School, Media

Family

parents teach children social roles and rules

play

promotes cognitive development

peers

reinforces desirable behavior or skills

school

enhances cognitive development

Social Media

websites that enable users to create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas

Levels of Development of self

Perception, interpretation, response

perception

perceive

interpretaion

Judge

respone

Experience

example of total institution

Prison

who created total institution

Erving Goffman

The social construction of reality

occurs as people perceive and understand through social interaction

example of Social construction of reality

Monday is Monday

Nonverbal Communication

messages that are sent without using words

Social Learning Theory

People learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction

Nature(who we are is based on)

Innate qualities, biology, due largely to hereditary, and fairly fixed

Doublespeak

language that pretends to communicate but really doesn’t

Looking glass theory

A self-image based on how we think other see us

who came up with the Looking glass theory

Charles Horton Cooley

I

Creative, impulsive, imaginative, spontaneous

ME

Internalized social roles

Social Structure

an organized pattern of behavior that governs people relationships

Social exchange theory

theory assumes that social interactions is based on maximizing rewards and minimizing cost

Socialization

lifelong process of an individual or group learning the expected norms and customs of a group or society through social interaction.

Principles of McDonaldization

Efficiency, uniformity/predictability, calculation, control through automation

Efficiency

do it quickly, optimum method to complete a task

calculability

do it according to plan

Predictability

leave nothing to chance

control

humans are the most unreliable factor. machines are better

who came up with the I and Me

George Herbert Mead

Self

Is composed of the I and Me

Resocialization

Process of unlearning old ways of doing and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behaviors