apush 16-18

Great American Desert

The vast arid territory that included the Great Plains

Coolies

offensive. An unskilled cheap native laborer in India

Tongs

Chinese organizations

were secret societies

some were viloent criminal organizations. Few people outside of these communites were aware of there existance.

Vigilantes

citizens who take the law into their own hands

Range Wars

these conflicts resulting from the invention of barb wire involved cowboys on cattle drives squaring off against land owners competing for passage along land

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Bureau of Indian Affairs

to manage Indian removal to western lands

Sand Creek Massacre

In Colorado territory in 1864

George Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Little Big Horn

General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse 1876

Nez Perce

Native American Tribe that will flee capture from U.S. Troops

Wounded Knee

In 1890

Barbed Wire

Used to fence in land on the Great Plains

Annie Oakley

Was a famous American sharpshooter who starred in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show for over 16 years.

Comstock Lode

First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock

Chinese Exclusion Act

Passed in 1882

banned Chinese immigration in US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problem

Rocky Mountain School of Art

was more a school of thought than an actual institution. Its members were influenced by the beauty of the Rocky Mountains and the surrounding landscape. The most famous members were Albert Bierstacht and Thomas Moran. Their works romanticized the West.

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However

Helen Hunt Jackson

author of "A Century of Dishonor" (1881)

Dawes Act

1887

Ghost Dance

A ritual the Sioux performed to bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land.

Buffalo Bill

: real name William F. Cody

Black Hills

A mountain range in South Dakota and Wyming

Bonanza

(n) a rich mass of ore in a mine

something very valuable

profitable

Timber Culture Act

1873-act of Congress added to the Homestead Act stating a person who planted 40 acres of trees and maintained timber for 10 years were granted 160 acres of land

Desert Land Act

this land ownership oppurtunity passed in 1877 allowed a prospective land owner to purchase up to 640 acres of land on the condition that the land would be irrigated with in 3 years of the purchase

Timber Stone Act

Land that was deemed "unfit for farming" was sold to those who might want to "timber and stone" (logging and mining) upon the land. The act was used by speculators who were able to get great expanses declared "unfit for farming" allowing them to increase their land holdings at minimal expense.

Vaqueros

Mexican cowboys in the West who tended cattle and horses

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862

Mary Elizabeth Lease

She was a writer

Farmers Alliances

groups of farmers of those in sympathy with farming issues

Commercial Farming

the raising of crops and livestock for sale in markets

Cooperatives

organizations in which groups of farmers pool their resources to buy and sell goods

Granger Laws

A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers

Munn v. Illinois

(1877) United States Supreme Court Case that ended up allowing states to regulate business within their borders

Wabash v. Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states

ICC

a federal regulatory agency that governed over the rules and regulations of the railroading industry.

Ocala Platform

A platform that would have significant impact in later years: They supported 1) direct election of US senators

James Blaine

A U.S. Representative

Pendleton Act

Passed in 1883

Mckinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%

James Weaver

former Civil War general who ran for president with the Greenback Party (1880) and the Populist Party (1892).

Coxey's army

Protest march of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey. Marched on Washington in 1894.

Crime of 1873

The term used to refer to the passage of the Coinage Act of 1873. It fully embraced the Gold Standard. Western mining interests and others who wanted silver in circulation called the Act the:

William Jennings Bryan

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator

Cross of Gold Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention

Patent

a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention

Cyrus W. Field

The Transatlantic telegraph line was developed by

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb

Bessemer Process

A process for making steel more efficiently

George Bissell

Demonstrated idea that oil could be used to produce kerosene.

"Black Gold"

Oil

Standard Oil

Established in 1870

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947).

Taylorism

subdivision of tasks to speed up production

Assembly line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad baron

Corporation

A business that is owned by many investors.

Stock

A share of ownership in a company

Limited liability

Stockholders in a corporation can lose no more than the amount they invested in the company

Andrew Carnegie

Built a steel mill empire

US STEEL

J.P. Morgan

Created a monolopy over the banking industry

Consolidation

A form of business growth in which a corporation acquires many smaller companies

Horizontal integration

Type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition. Ex. Rockefeller

Vertical integration

An attempt by one company to simultaneously control several related aspects of the media business.

J.D. Rockefeller

owner of the Standard Oil monopoly and trust

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Trust

A group of corporations run by a single board of directors

Holding company

a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Gospel of Wealth

Philosophy asserted by Carnegie that the rich had to be philanthropic

Acres of Diamonds

Russell Conwell's speech saying that anyone can become rich if they work hard enough

Horatio Alger

Writer of novels stressing rags to riches stories of boys

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Progress and Poverty

Henry George book that attacked laissez faire.

Spindletop oil field

Where the Texas oil boom began.

Child labor laws

Prohibited young children from working in a factory and encouraged them to attend school

Molly Maguires

Radical

Great Railroad Strike

1877 10% wage cut--\> riots

Knights of Labor

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms

American Federation of Labor

The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

Samual Gompers

Founder of AFL

Haymarket Square

Site of a bombing

Homestead Strike

1892 strike against Carnegie's steelworks in Homestead

Amalgamated

Mixed or merged

Pullman Strike

violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide

Eugene V. Debs

led the Pullman strike and founded the American Railway Union

Women's Trade Union League

First national association dedicated to promoting women's labor issues

New Immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe

Philanthropy

Charitable donation to public causes

Tenements

Poorly built