micro exam 1

microbiology

study of small living things too small to be seen with unaided eye

microorganisms

bacteria/archaea, algae, protozoa, helminths, fungi, viruses

earliest organism to be found in fossil record

they are everywhere

microbial diseases

influenza pneumonia, HIV, diarrheal disease

eukaryotic

have membrane bound organelles

basis for both unicellular and multicellular

have nucleus

have 80s ribosomes except for mitochondria and chloroplasts

prokaryotic

10x smaller

no membrane bound organelles

70s ribosomes

no membrane bound nucleus

acellular microorganisms

viruses

prions

largest to smallest microbes

eukaryote, bacteria/archaea, viruses, prions

robert hooke

coined term cell using compound microscope

janssen

invents compound microscope

leewenhoek

uses microscope to look at bacteria in water

redi

tested hypothesis of biogenesis with a one jar with meat covered and one not to see what maggots land on

needham

sheep mutton broth, sterile broth became cloudy without inoculating

louis jablot

disputes spontaneous generation

lazaro

sterilizes flask with heat to dispute spont generation

theodor and matthias

formalize cell theory

ignaz

theorizes doctors transmit fever to mother during childbirth process and institutes use of washing hands

pasteur

makes experiment that disproves spont generation

lister

publishes paper on antiseptic use in surgery

koch

develops pure culture techniques

ivanovski

first to isolate a virus and show it could be transmitted

pasteur vs koch

used swan necked flask to dispute spont generation

koch uses this to determine the causative agent of diseases

binomial name

typed- italicized with genus name capitalized and species name lowercase

written underline

defined (synthetic) chemical composition

pure in/organic compound that vary little from one source to another and have content specified by exact formula

complex chemical compositin

contains at least one component not chemically definable- yeast extract

general purpose media

designed to grow a broad spectrum of microbes, complex, ex. agar/broth/brain heart infusion/ TSA

enriched media

contains complex organic substance such as blood, serum, hemoglobin

fastidious

bacteria that require growth factors and enriched media, blood agar, chocolate agar

selective media

contains more than 1 agent that inhibits growth of other microbes, speeds up isolation step

differential media

allow multiple types of microbes to grow but are designed to display visible difference among colones like size and color

hemolysins

enzymes that function to lyse Red blood cell for the purpose of releasing hemoglobin for growth

beta hemolysis

complete lysis of all red blood cell

alpha hemolysis

partial lysis of red blood cell

gamma hemolysis

no hemolysins result

reducing media

contains substance that absorbs oxygen or slows penetration of oxygen in medium, used to grow bacteria that does not require oxygen

transport media

used to maintain and preserve specimens that have to be held for a period of time

resolution

capacity of an optical system to distinguish between 2 adjacent objects

wave length up

blurry, low resolution

wave length down

clear, high resolution

simple stain

1 dye, can see morphology

differential stain

2-3 dyes to differentiate between different structures within a cell

special stain

used to emphasize certain cell parts that may not be seen in other staining

cytoplasmic- bacteria

cell membrane, thin sheet of lipid protein that surrounds the cytoplasm and controls flow of things in and out of cell

chromosome- bacteria

nucleoid, composed of condensed DNA molecules which direct all genetics and codes for all proteins

ribosomes- bacteria

tiny particles composed of protein and RNA that are sites of protein synthesis

cytoplasm- bacteria

water based solution filling entire cell

structures SOME bacteria have

s layer, fimbriae, outer membrane, cell wall, cytoskeleton, pilus, capsule, inclusion, plasmid, flagellum, endospore, nanotube

s-layer

some bacteria, monolayer of protein used for attachment and protection

fimbriae

some bacteria, fine hairlike bristles that help cell adhere to things

outer membrane

some bacteria, contains lipopolysaccharide and control flow of materials, can be toxic to mammals when released

cell wall

some bacteria, semigrid casting that gives structure and shape

actin cytoskeleton

some membrane, long fibers of protein that encircle the cell inside the cytoplasmic membrane and give shape

pilus

some bacteria, appendages used for drawing other bacteria close to transfer dna to it

capsule

some bacteria, coating that gives protection, glycocalyx

inclusion or granule

some bacteria, stores nutrients such as fat phosphate or glycogen in crystals or particles

micro compartments

some bacteria,protein coated packets used to localize enzymes and other proteins in cytoplasm

plasmid

some bacteria, double stranded dna circle containing extra genes

flagellum

some bacteria, specialized appendage attached to cell by a basal body that holds a rotating filament, motility

endspore

some bacteria, dormant body formed within that allows for survival in adverse conditions

nanotubes

some bacteria, membrane extension that allow bacteria to transmit electrons

coccus shape

found in pairs, tetrads, chains

rod shape

bacilli, found in pairs chains or picket fence

curved

spirochete, found in singles or comma, spiral shape

pleomorphism shape

no shape

flagella

external bacteria, motility, composed of filament hook and basal body

monotrichous

single flagellum

lophotrichous

small bunches of flagella, tufts

amphitrichous

flagella at top and bottom

peritrichous

flagella randomly there

periplasmic flagella

corkscrew shaped bacteria (spirochetes) have internal flagellum between cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane

pili

bacteria external, connects 2 different cell to transfer partial dna, only in gram negative cells, hollow

fimbriae

bacteria external, small fibers on surface made of protein for attachment

glycocalyx

external bacteria, coating of polysaccharide units including protein that aids in protection and adherence

how flagella travels

detects and moves in response to chemical signals- chemotaxis

flagella run

counterclockwise rotation, linear, when going towards place run increases

flagella tumble

reverses direction causing bacteria to stop and change course

phototaxis

responding to light

gram positive

thick cell wall of peptidoglycan, cytoplasmic membrane, stronger

gram negative

outer membrane under glycocalyx, thin cell wall of peptidoglycan, more susceptible to lysis

substance in envelope of some bacteria that can cause severe symptoms in humans

lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on gram negative outer membrane is referred to as endotoxin

structure in bacteria cytoplasm

nucleoid with chromosome- circular

ribosomes- 50s + 30s= 70s

inclusion bodies

cytokeleton

endospore

cause of sporulation and germination

cause: survival mechanism to help bacteria withstand hostile condition

medical significance of endospores

if it is sterile you have gotten rid of endospores

history of eukaryotes

eukaryote engulfs prokaryote and it becomes mitochondria

protozoa

always unicellular

fungi and algae

may be unicellular or multicellular

helminths

always multicellular

eukaryote flagella differences

thicker, 9 pair + 2 pair arrangement, whip back and forth not circular

glycocalyx in eukaryotes

polysaccharide, allows it to stick, similar to pro

eukaryotic microorganisms that might have cell wall

fungi and algae

what does eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane have

sterols, made from cellulose not peptidoglycan

nucleur envelope- of nucleus only eukaryotes

2 parallel membrane with space and openings called pores

nucleoplasm - only in E

inner nucleur substance

nucleolus only in E

site for RNA synthesis and collection of ribosomal units

E act together for transport process

dna to rna in nucleus

rna to ribosomes on rough ER

proteins synthesized in ribosome

golgi is transport vesicles

protein is modified with carbs and lipids in golgi

leave golgi as lysosomes, or secretory vesicles

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mitochondira E

produce ATP- energy

ribosomes for E

2 subunits 40s+ 60s= 80s

ribosomes for P

2 subunits 50s+ 30s= 70s

fibers of cytoskeleton in E

filaments- motility

microtubules- shape

intermediate filaments- structural support

budding

asexual reproduction, detaches from organism to form another