APES midterm review

all tests/quizzes chapters 1-11

Which law states that when matter undergoes a physical or chemical change, no atoms are created or destroyed?

The law of conservation of matter

Nuclear \___ occurs when two nuclei are forced together.

fusion

What if the correct order of applying the scientific process to a problem?

observation-question-hypothesis-experimentation-analysis-conclusion

When an overwhelming body of observations and measurements supports a scientific hypothesis or group of related hypotheses, it becomes a(n) \____.

scientific theory

The definition of a scientific hypothesis?

a possible explanation for an observation or experimentation

Which of the following is an example of an organic compound?

CH4

Radioactive decay is best characterized as a type of?

nuclear change

Isotopes are forms of an element that differ from one another by having different?

mass numbers

Feedback causes \______ in a system.

change

Which of the following illustrates a negative feedback loop?

a thermostat maintaining a certain temperature in your house

Which of the following is a point source of pollution?

a smokestack from a power plant

Affluence typically results in \_____.

increased poverty

Which law states that no energy can be created or destroyed?

the first law of therodynamics

energy efficiency refers to\___.

getting more work out of the energy we use

What is an example of low-quality energy?

heat in the ocean

Scientists classify energy as either...

potential or kinetic

Time delays in feedback systems allow changes in the environment to build slowly until the changes reach a(n)...

tipping point

What are two or more processes interacting such that the combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects?

synergistic interaction

which revolution began about 50 years ago and involved the development of technologies for gaining rapid access to all kinds of information and resources on a global scale?

the information-globalization revolution

Use of natural resources based on sustainable yields is most applicable to the idea of...

renewable resources

Each of the three major cultural revolutions has allowed \_____.

expansion of the human population

The U.N. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment reports that human activities have degraded\____ percent of the earth's natural services, and mostly since 1950

60

What is nonpoint source pollution?

pesticides in the air

Using normally renewable resources faster than nature can renew them is called...

degrading natural capital

The Agricultural Revolution is characterized by all of the following except increased

respect for the enviornment

Sustainability refers to\____.

the capacity of the earth's natural systems to survive, flourish, and adapt

The current world growth rate is at 1.15%. At this rate, approximately how long will it take for the Earth's population of 6.5 billion people to double?

60 years

exponential growth

starts out slowly and then becomes very rapid

Roots causes of environmental problems include

rapid population growth

Which of the following statements best illustrates the tragedy of the commons?

a factory pollutes a river as much as the law allows

New efforts to prevent the tragedy of the commons include

moving from a taxpayers pay approach to a users pay approach

Use of a natural resource based on sustainable yields applies to

renewable resources

What is globalization?

Worldwide integration of social, economic, and environmental change

Resources that are called nonrenewable

are capable of economic depletion

All nonrenewable resources can theoretically be

exhausted or depleted

Three countries which together account for more than half of the world's economic output include all of the following except

the former Soviet Union

A person who is primarily interested in the establishment of new wilderness areas would be considered a(n)

preservationist

Natural capital includes all of the following except

sunlight

Cultural revolutions are characterized by

Improved living standards

The Agricultural Revolution resulted in all of the following except

protection of wild plants and animals

Features of weather include all of the following except

ozone concentration

The term greenhouse effect describes

the trapping of heat energy in the troposphere by certain gaseous molecules

The two most important factors in climate are

temperature and precipitation

The term upwelling refers to the movement of

cool nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface

Populations of organisms living in aquatic life zones may be limited by

* access to light
* nutrient availability
* dissolved oxygen
* all of these answers

A relationship in which a member of one species obtains its nourishment by living on, in, or near a member of another species over an extended time is best labeled

parasitism

All of the following are greenhouse gases except

nitrogen

Climate is the general pattern of weather over a period of at least...

30 years

An aquatic environment

dissolves nutrients and makes them readily available

In immature ecosystems

the food webs are simple

The ecosystem with the world's highest net primary productivities per unit area are found in the

coastal zone

The ocean zone that covers the continental shelf is the

coastal zone

Which of the following is false? Oceans are important because they

are one of the most highly productive ecosystems in the world on a unit area basis

Estuaries exhibit

variable temperature and salinity

Estuaries and coastal wetlands are important for all of the following reasons except

providing coral for limestone production and the tourist trade

Cities established on barrier islands are subject to

\-beach erosion

\-hurricanes

\-flooding

all of these answers

In lakes, large numbers of decomposers are found in the

benthic zone

Lakes that have few minerals and low productivity are referred to as

oligotrophic

autotrophic

make their own food

eutrophic

a lake with a high level of productivity

mesotrophic

a lake with a moderate level of productivity

In lakes, the nutrient-rich water near the shore is part of the

littoral zone

In lakes, the open-water surface layer is called the

limnetic zone

Organisms of the intertidal zone

are exposed to both air and underwater conditions

Lake overturns bring

oxygen to the surface and nutrients to the lake bottom

Inland wetlands are valuable for

* recharging groundwater supplies
* recreation
* biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur
* all of these answers

The rain shadow effect refers to

drier conditions on the leeward side of mountain ranges

Life in both saltwater and freshwater ecosystems can be limited by

* dissolved oxygen for respiration
* temperature
* access to sunlight for photosynthesis
* all of these answers

Species that serve as early warnings of environmental damage are called

indicator species

Birds and trout make good

indicator species

The giant panda is an endangered species because

\-it is a specialized species, eating mostly bamboo, which has periodic dieback

* the ==pandas== are separated into small isolated populations
* -of low birth rate and litter size
* all of these answers

Which of the following predators avoid competition by being active at different times?

hawks and owls

Species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem are known as

native species

Interspecific competition can be avoided by

\-eating at different times

\-resource partitioning

\-character displacement

all of these answers

Which term means the opposite of the others? (introduced species, non-native species, alien species native species, and exotic species)

native species

The obvious relationship demonstrated by a food chain is

predation

A relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither helped no harmed to any significant degree is best labeled

commensalism

All of the following are ectoparasites except

mistletoe

Parasites

rarely kill their hosts

Of the following relationships, the one most likely to be described as a positive feedback loop is

parasitism

Which of the following would undergo secondary succession?

a heavily polluted stream that has been cleaned up

In mature ecosystems

the efficiency of energy use is high

Ecologists would consider all of the following to be natural disturbances except

deforestation

What does richness refer to?

number of different species

What is the most common interaction between species

predation

Over half of the area of estuaries and coastal wetlands in the united states has been destroyed or damaged by

\-pesticide and heavy metal pollution

\-filling

\-sewage run off

all of these answers

Upwellings characteristically occur

on steep western sides of continents

which of the following is not of the age structure categories?

Elderly

A population crash occurs when

a population overshoots carrying capacity and environmental pressures cause effects

A population grows, overshoots its carrying capacity, and crashes, most likely from?

A negative feedback loop

Humans have extended Earth's carrying capacity for the human species by*

all of these answers*

The most useful measure of fertility for projecting future population change is the

total fertility rate

social factors affecting birth and fertiliity rates include**

all of these anwsers**

infant mortality rate refers to the number of children out of 1000 that die

By their first birthday

rapidly growing countries have an age structure that

has a broad based pyramid

which of the following implies the greatest built in momentum for population growth

a large number of people under age 15

Women tend to have fewer and healthier children when they\***

All of these answers\***

which of the following statements about women's employment status is false

women have more that half of the world's assets

The term demographic transition refers to

the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates when a country becomes industrialized

The change that takes place in a demographic transition occurs when

the economic development of a country changes the population growth pattern