Apush Period 3 Key terms

George Washington (POL, GEO)

led a small militia try to win control of ORV but ultimately failed

Samuel Adams (NAT)

MA, leader of radical faction

Battle of Yorktown (POL)

1781, last major battle resulting in American victory with help of French, British surrender under General Charles Cornwallis

New Jersey Plan (POL)

countered Virginia Plan, favored small states

Senate (POL)

equal representation for all states

Patrick Henry (NAT, POL)

Virginia lawyer who stood up against the House of Burgesses to demand that the British gov recognize the rights of citizens - no taxation without representation

George III (WXT)

wanted to tax colonies to repay debts from Seven Years' War

Quartering Act (1765) (WOR)

Colonists had to provide food and housing for British soldiers in colonies

Boston Massacre (1770) (WOR)

March 1770, colonists harassed guards who fired and killed five people (including Crispis Attucks, an African American), John Adams defended the guards while Samule Adams denounced the incident as a massacre

First Continental Congress (1774) (NAT)

convention in Philadelphia to respond to what delegates viewed as Britain's alarming threats to their liberties (protesting parliamentary infringements of their rights and restore original relationship with crown)

radical faction: Patrick Henry of Virginia and Samuel Adams and John Adams of MA demanded greatest concessions

moderates: George Washington of Virginia and John Dickinson of Penn.

conservative: (mild statement of protest) John Jay of NY, Joseph Galloway of Penn.

1. endorsed Suffolk Resolves (repeal of Intolerable Acts, resist with military and boycotting British goods)

2. passed Declaration and Resolves to urge king to redress colonial grievances and restore colonial rights (although recognized Parliament's authority to regulate commerce)

3. Continental Association, network of committees who enforced economic sanctions of Suffolk Resolves

4. if rights not recognized, another meeting would take place again in May 1775

George Washington (NAT)

Virginia, leader of moderate faction

Commander-in-chief of colonial army in Boston

General of colonial troops during revolutionary war, though his army had at most 20,000 regular troops, was short of supplies, and poorly equipped and paid

William Dawes (POL)

a minuteman (Lexington militia) who warned the colonies of approaching British troops

Continentals (CUL)

colonial paper money issued by Congress, was worthless between 1775-1777 due to inflation when trade decided 95% during the revolutionary period

Anti-Federalists (NAT, CUL)

opponents of the Constitution and strong federal government, commonly small farmers and settlers on the western frontier

leaders: George Mason, Patrick Henry, James Winthrop, John Hancock, George Clinton

argument: stronger central gov limits democracy and restrict states' rights (thought that the Constitution contained no protection of individual rights and gave central gov too much power)

electoral college system (POL)

each state has a number of electors equal to the total of the state's representatives and senators to vote for a president (who had the power to veto acts of Congress)

"Citizen" Genêt (WOR)

Edmond Genêt, French minister to the United States, appealed directly to American people to support French cause

Jefferson approved of Washington's request to remove this diplomat

Genêt remained in US as a citizen

Stamp Act Congress (NAT, POL)

NY 1765: 9 colonies, resolved only elected representatives had legal authority to approve taxes

Sons and Daughters of Liberty (NAT, POL)

Secret society violently protesting against stamp acts by destroying revenue stamps or tarring and feathering revenue officials

(Boycotts were most effective)

John Dickinson; "Letters from..." (NAT, POL)

Letters from a farmer in penn., argued that though Parliament could regulate commerce, they could not impose taxes on the colonies without consent of representative assemblies, no taxation w/o representation!

Samuel Adams (NAT, POL)

Co-wrote MA circular letter

Wanted to keep alive view that British were antagonizing colonists, so he initiated the Committees of Correspondence in 1772 to spread this use

Committed in Boston would exchange letters to share suspicions

James Otis (NAT, POL)

Initiated call for cooperative action to protest against Stamp Act (Stamp Act Congress: NY 1765 9 colonies, resolved only elected representatives had legal authority to approve taxes)

Massachusetts Circular Letter (NAT, POL)

1768, written by James Otis and Samuel Adams, sent to every colonial legislature, ur fining them to petition to repeal Townshend Acts, British responded by retracting the letter and increasing the number of troops in Boston

Committees of Correspondence (NAT, POL)

Committees in MA towns would regularly exchange letters about suspicious British activity

Virginia House of Burgesses organized inter colonial committees in 1773

The Gaspee, a British ship that caught smugglers, was constantly discussed and it was decided that a group of colonists would set fire to the ship

Intolerable Acts (NAT, POL)

Named by the colonists, the Intolerable Acts were the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act that were the British gov's response to the Boston Tea Party and that angered the colonists

Whigs (WXT)

dominant political party in Parliament

Parliament (WXT)

highest legislative body of British gov. consisting of the sovereign, House of Commons, and House of Lords

salutary neglect (WXT)

17th-18th c. unofficial policy to relax strict enforcement on parliamentary laws on the colonies

Lord Frederick North (WXT)

Prime minister who urged Parliament to repeal Townshend Acts, they damaged trade and generated very little revenue), act was repealed in 1770 a 3 year respite from political troubles followed (Parliament still kept a small tax on tea)

Pontiac's Rebellion (MIG)

1763, Chief Pontiac leads major attack against colonies to stop westward expansion of colonies, Britain refused to offer gifts like French, Pontiac allied American Indians in Ohio Valley, British responded by sending their own troops

Proclamation of 1763 (MIG)

Brit. Gov prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mtns to prevent future hostilities btwn colonists and American Indians (responded to with resentment and anger by colonists)

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) (POL, GEO)

fighting in colonies in fourth/final war

French built chain of forts in Ohio River Valley to halt growth of Brit. colonies, George Washington and small militia try to win control of ORV, lost to French and their Indian allies, war began

1755 Edward Braddock defeated again by French, French aided by Algonquin allies

Canada conquered under PM William Pitt, 1758 retaking of Louisbourg, 1759 Quebec surrendered to Gen. James Wolfe, 1760 took Montreal

Peace of Paris

GB gains French Canada and Spanish Florida

Louisiana and west Mississippi R. ceded to Spain by French

GB becomes dominant naval power and dominated North America

GB had low opinion of colonial military

colonists proud of military contribution, unimpressed by British troops

result: salutary neglect abandoned, more direct control over colonies, King George III and Whigs in Parliament want American colonies to pay for debts caused by war

Albany Plan of Union (1754) (POL, GEO)

colonies meet in congress at Albany, NY by Brit. gov calling, Ben. Franklin planned for intercolonial gov. and system for recruiting troops and collecting taxes for defense, but plan did not take effect, set precedent for other congresses

Edward Braddock (POL, GEO)

1755 defeated again French, who were aided by Algonquin allies

Peace of Paris (1763) (POL, GEO)

peace treaty negotiated btwn European powers after British victories in Seven Years' War

French lost Louisiana, Quebec, French Canada, Spanish Florida

Spanish took Louisiana

GB took French Canada, Spanish Florida, Quebec

Sugar Act (1764) (WOR)

Duties on foreign sugar to raise money for the crown (also enforced navigation acts to stop smuggling, smugglers would be tried without a jury)

Stamp Act (1765) (WOR)

Revenue stamps on printed papers in colonies (including legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, and ads), direct tax paid by ppl in colonies

Responded to with indignation

Declaratory Act (1766) (WOR)

Grenville replaced by other PM, Parliament repeals Stamp Act, Act asserted that Parliament had right to tax and make laws for colonies, renewing conflict

Townshend Acts (1767) (WOR)

Parliament enacted new duties for imports of tea, glass, and paper + search of homes for smuggled goods w/ "writ of assistance"

Writs of Assistance Tea Act (1773) (WOR)

Reduced price of British East India Company's tea to extremely cheap price, which the colonists refused to buy (they refused to buy British tea because it was all taxed)

At the Boston Tea Party, a group of Bostonians dumped 342 chests of tea into the sea (to some colonists, this was too radical)

Boston Tea Party (1773) (WOR)

1773, group of British disguised as American Indians dumped 342 chests of British East India Company tea into the harbor to protest against buying taxed British tea

Coercive Acts (1774) (WOR)

4 Acts meant to punish colonists of MA towns for the Boston Tea Party and suppress dissidents- Port Act, MA Gov Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act

Port Act (WOR)

Closed Boston port to halt all trade in the port until the destroyed tea was paid for

Massachusetts Government Act (WOR)

Reduced power of MA legislature and increased power of royal governor

Administration of Justice Act (WOR)

Royal officials accused of crimes were to be tried at Britain instead of in the colonies

Quartering Act (fourth act of Coercive Acts) (WOR)

Expansion of Quartering Act allowed British soldiers to be quartered in all private homes

Quebec Act (1774) (WOR)

Established Roman Catholicism as official religion of Quebec, set up gov without representative assembly, extended Quebec boundary to Ohio R.

Enlightenment (CUL)

mid-18th c. at its peak, introduced new political philosophies and ideas on freedom, liberty, equality, rationalism, and human reason to solve issues

Deism (CUL)

Enlightenment thinkers who believed God established natural laws in creating the universe but divine intervention in human affairs was minimal

believed in rationalism

emphasized reason, science, respect for humanity

political philosophy greatly influenced Americans in 1760s and 1770s

Rationalism (CUL)

belief in human reason to solve problems (in life and society)

John Locke (CUL)

A 17th century philosopher and political theorist. A major influence over the enlightenment and the American way of thinking, especially in Deist political philosophy

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (CUL)

French philosopher who further developed Locke's political philosophy. A major influence over educated Americans in 1760s-1770s

Intolerable Acts (NAT)

Named by the colonists, the Intolerable Acts were the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act that were the British gov's response to the Boston Tea Party and that angered the colonists

Patrick Henry (NAT)

Virginia, leader of the radical faction

John Adams (NAT)

MA, leader of radica faction

John Dickinson (NAT)

Pennsylvania, leader of moderate faction

John Jay (NAT)

NY, conservative faction

Second Continental Congress (1775)

May 1775 Philadelphia: New England delegates wanted to declare independence, middle colony delegates wanted to resolve conflict with GB

Adopted Delcaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms -> troops included colonial army in Boston, Quebec raid, and American navy and marine corps

Joseph Galloway (NAT)

Pennsylvania, conservative faction

Stuffolk Resolves (NAT)

Statement ori. issued by MA, called for repeal of Kntolerable Acys and colonies would make military preparations and boycot British goods to resist them

economic sanctions (NAT)

detailed in Suffolk Resolves, enforced by Continental Association in First Continental Congress

Declaration of Rights and Grievances (NAT)

Declared that any tax imposed on the colonists without official consent would be considered unconstitutional. This was one of the first steps the colonies took toward British separation.

Olive Branch Petition (NAT)

July 1775: petition to King George III, pledged colonial loyalty to crown and asked king to intercede w/ Parliament to secure peace and protect their rights

dismissed by King George, agreeing to Parliament's Prohibitory Act that declared the colonies in rebellion (banned trade and shipping btwn the two)

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms (NAT)

Appointed George Washington as commander in chief of Boston colonial army, raid at Quebec under Benedict Arnold, and American navy and marine corps

Thomas Jefferson (NAT)

drafted the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)

Declaration of Independence (NAT)

resolution for independence (Richard Henry Lee of Virginia) introduced June 7, 1776

resolution adopted by congress July 2, 1776

Declaration of Independence, which supported Lee's resolution, adopted July 4, 1776

written by Thomas Jefferson and four more delegates

"all men are treated equal"

"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness"

Land Ordinance of 1785 (MIG, POL)

policy for surveying and selling Western lands: each township had one section of land set aside for public education

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (MIG, POL)

rules for creating new states in territory (Northwest Territory) between Great Lakes and Ohio River: limited self-gov in territory and no slavery

Paul Revere (POL)

a minuteman (Lexington militia) who warned the colonies of approaching British troops

Lexington (POL)

April 18, 1775: Gen. Thomas Gage (commander of British troops in Boston) sent to seize colonial military supplies vs. Lexington militia (warned by Paul Revere and William Dawes)

8 Americans killed, forced to retreat

Concord (POL)

British entered Concord to destroy military supplies after opening fire at Lexington but were ambushed by colonists firing behind walls

250 British casualties

Battle of Bunker Hill (POL)

June 17, 1775: colonial militia of MA farmers at Breed's Hill (next to Bunker Hill) vs. attacking British forced who took the Hill but suffered over a thousand casualties

Battle of Saratoga (POL)

upstate NY October 1777, American troops under Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold stopped British forces under General John Burgoyne who came from Canada to join other forces to cut off New England

result: small victory prompted France to join war against Britain - Louis XVI wanted to weaken Britain and allied with colonies

George Rogers Clark (POL)

led Patriots in campaign from 1778 to 1779 to capture British forts in Illinois, gaining control over parts of Ohio (in response, the British concentrated its military campaigns in the south - Virginia and Carolinas - where there were more Loyalists)

Articles of Confederation (POL)

1776 Philadelphia, constitution drafted by John Dickinson, adopted 1777 by Congress, ratified March 1781 (when dispute over American Indian lands west of Alleghenies was settled)

established central gov with a congress, who had power to wage war, make treaties, send diplomatic representatives, borrow money but not regulate commerce or collect taxes

intended for central gov. to be weak but gov faced financial (war debts, worthless continental, no taxing power), foreign (little respect among nations), domestic (Shays's uprising) problems

unicameral legislature (POL)

one-house legislature: each state has one vote, 9 votes out of 13 to pass important laws, unanimous vote to amend Articles

minor decisions for Committee of States that consisted of one representative from each state

absolute monarch (WOR)

King Georges III, monarch has absolute power

Prohibitory Act (1775) (WOR)

declared the colonies in rebellion after the Olive Branch Petition and prohibited all trade and shipping between Britain and America

Treaty of Paris (1783) (WOR)

Whig leaders who wanted to end war because of its strain on economy and finances replaced Lord North and Tory party

1) Britain recognize independence of United States

2) Mississippi R. = western boundary of US

3)Americans have fishing rights off coast of Canada

4) Americans pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during war

Thomas Paine; Common Sense (CUL)

argued for colonies to become independent and break ties with British monarchy -> a large continent shouldn't be ruled by a small, distant island, a corrupt government, and unreasonable laws

Patriots (CUL)

40% of 2.6 mill. ppl in 13 colonies during revolutionary war (1775-1783) who joined struggle for independence

most from New England states and Virginia

soldiers served in local militia

+ 5000 African Americans who were promised freedom (though most of them were free citizens)

Loyalists (Tories) (CUL)

20-30% of 2.6 mill ppl in colonies (1775-1783)

60,000 fighting with British soldier, had arms and food and pillaged Patriot homes and farms (some families were split apart as they joined different sides)

majority in NY, NJ, Georgia

520,000 - 780,000 people

some went to Canada or Britain after the war

were often wealthier and more conservative (officials and Anglican clergy)

(American Indians joined British)

Minutemen (CUL)

Also known as the militia of Lexington, this group came together to face the British when word got out that they were going to try to steal colonial military supplies. The ensuing short encounter was the first battle of the Revolutionary War.

Valley Forge (CUL)

where Washington's troops were during the severe winter of 1777-1778 (in Pennsylvania)

Abigail Adams (CUL)

wife of John Adams who pleaded for her husband to remember and be more generous and favorable to the women who contributed to the war

Deborah Sampson (CUL)

passed as a man and served as a soldier during Revolutionary War

Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher) (CUL)

took husband's place in battle at Battle of Monmouth

Shays's Rebellion (CUL)

1786, Captain Daniel Shays (MA farmer and veteran), led uprising w/ other farmers against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money

stopped taxes and closed debtors' courts but rebellion was broken by MA militia after attempt to retrieve weapons from Springfield armory

James Madison (NAT, CUL)

known as "Father of the Constitution," helped draft new constitution and write The Federalist Papers

Alexander Hamilton (NAT, CUL)

helped draft new constitution and write The Federalist Papers

secretary of treasury under Washington's presidency

established financial program/ plan for Congress to stable financial problems: 1) pay off national debt and have fed gov assume war debts of states; 2) protect infant industries and collect revenues w/ high tariffs on imported goods; 3) create national bank for gov funds and printing banknotes (supported by merchants and opposed by Anti-Federalists who feared the states' loss of power), plan was modified and then adopted by state

Framers of the Constitution (NAT, CUL)

the delegates at the Constitution at Philadelphia

Federalist (NAT, CUL)

supporters of the Constitution and strong federal government, common among Atlantic Coast and in large cities

won early victories in Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania and addressed Anti-Federalists' major objection with the addition of a bill of rights

leaders: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton

argument: stronger central gov provides order and unity (Articles of Confederation was weak)

later became a political party under leaders John Adams and Alexander Hamilton

strong central government

interpreted constitution loosely

pro-British

supported large peacetime army and navy

favored business, national bank, high tariffs

supported by northern business owners and large landowners

The Federalist Papers (NAT, CUL)

85 essays for NY newspaper by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, presented reasons for believing in practicality of the Constitution

Bill of Rights; amendments (NAT, CUL)

drafted by James Madison, list of people's rights to prevent the a strong central government under the Constitution from violating individual rights

US Bill of Rights = ten amendments adopted in 1791

First Amendment: no established religion, must allow freedom of speech or press or right of people to assemble and petition gov

Second Amendment: right to keep and bear Arms

Third Amendment: soldiers cannot be quartered without consent of owner

Fourth Amendment: no unreasonable searches and seizures (of homes, papers, people)

Fifth Amendment: right to life, liberty, and property

Sixth Amendment: right to speedy and public trial, impartial jury, to be informed of accusation, have witnesses, assistance of counsel for defense

Seventh Amendment: right of trail by jury and re-emaination according to rules of common law

Eighth Amendment: no cruel or unusual punishments

Ninth Amendment: Constitution cannot cancel amendments to it

Tenth Amendment: power not given to gov is given to people

Washington's Farewell Address (NAT, CUL)

1796, Washington announced intention to retire to private life, message warning Americas 1) not to get involved in European affairs, 2) not to make permanent alliances in foreign affairs, 3) not to form political parties, 4) not to fall into sectionalism

"permanent alliances" (NAT, CUL)

alliances in foreign affairs that Washington warned the Americans against in his Farewell Address

Alien and Sedition Acts (NAT, CUL)

Federalist won majority in both houses in 1798 congressional elections and enacted laws to restrict Democratic-Republicans:

Naturalization Act: 14 years required for immigrants to quality for US citizenship (as opposed to original 5 years)

Alien Acts: president authorized to deport aliens considered dangerous/ detain enemy aliens during war

Sedition Acts: illegal for newspaper editors to criticize president or Congress (punished by fines or imprisonment)

acts repealed or expired after Democratic-Republican won majority in 1800 Congress election

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (NAT, CUL)

nullifying laws in state legislatures to oppose Alien and Sedition Acts:

Kentucky Resolution: written by Thomas Jefferson

Virginia Resolution: written by James Madison

states entered "compact" in forming national gov, federal law could be nullified if it broke the compact

infant industries (WXT)

new and developing industries

national bank (WXT)

Bank of the United States, privately owned, federal gov could print paper currency and use federal deposits to stimulate business as major shareholder

Battle of Fallen Timbers (MIG, POL)

settlers crossed Alleghenies westward into Ohio Valley, resisted by drives who formed the Northwest Confederacy (Shawnee, Delaware, Iroquois, and other tribes under Miami war chief Little Turtle)

1794: General Anthony Wayne lead US army to defeat Confederacy tribes