kt4- nazi dictatorship (1933-1939)

three constitutional limits of Hitlers power (post Enabling Act)

1. Hindenburg
2. political opposition
3. state governments

three laws Hitler implemented using the Enabling Act?

1. law against formation of new parties
2. law for the restoration of a professional civicl service
3. abolition of the reichsrat

why was the law against formation of new parties significant?

removal of legal political opposition- anyone who opposed could be punished (increasing power of the Nazis).

when did the nazis ban trade unions and create the DAF?

may 1933

when did Hindenburg die?

August 1934

what did Hitler do straight after Hindenburg’s death?

made himself Fuhrer by merging the office of president and Chancellor (law concerning the head of state of the German Reich)

what were the results of the august 19th plebiscite (to get their views on Hitler’s appointment as Fuhrer)

89\.9% were in support

what was the idea of a second revolution?

the national socialist revolution hadnt gone far enough- wanted to bring about more social and economic reforms (merge army with SA)

who wanted a second revolution?

Rohm and the SA (was attractive to left wing and radical Nazis)

when was the night of the long knives?

June 30th 1934

what happened on the night of the long knives?

* Hitler and the SS stormed where the SA were staying
* SA members were arrested
* main leaders were shot by the SS (including Rohm)

how were the nazis involved in the night of the long knives?

they provided the SS with the weapons used

impact of the night of the long knives?

threat of second revolution removed

three ways why hitler was able to get away with murder (NoLK)?

1. many were fearful of SA so it came as a relief.
2. laws stated it was used as ‘self-defence by the state’
3. Hindenburg supported it

by what point were all German police states centralised under Himmler?

1936

how many members did the SS have by 1939?

240,000

who was in control of the SS?

Himmler

why was the brutality of the SS be seen as a strength and a weakness?

strength- lead to enthusiastic following of orders.

weakness- could create further resistance and marginalise individuals

when was the SD created?

1931

who led the SD?

Heydrich

what was the SD’s role?

intelligence gathering in order to monitor public opinion

who was the SD staffed by? and what was the issue with this?

* staffed by nazis (would have the willpower to carry out his will)
* not staffed by professionals so less efficient

how many agents did the gestapo have?

40,000

how much of the gestapo’s information from public informants?

80%

why was the gestapo so effective?

widespread fear in soicety that the gestapo was everywhere- led people to inform and conform

when was the first concentration camp set up? and what was it called?

* 8th March 1933
* Dachau

what was the aim of the concentration camps?

used to house political opposition where they were forced to work

who oversaw the nazification of the judiciary system?

Gurtner

when was the peoples court estbalished? and what did it do?

* April 1934
* deal with political crimes

in 5 years how many people were tried in the Peoples Court?

3400

what was the judge set up like in the peoples court?

3/5 were nazis and 2/5 were professional judges (would ensure all political opposition was removed)

what were the 3 structures used to control propaganda?

1. RMVP (1933- headed by Goebbels)
2. Reich Culture Chamber (1933- promoted German culture)
3. Central Propaganda Office (Nazi propaganda not state propaganda)

what was Goebbels aims for propaganad?

enlightenment (gradual and slow indoctrination into nazi ideology)

what was Hitler’s aims for nazi propaganda?

in your face and visible, working based on repetition

what were the two types of propaganda?

1. mass media
2. culture

what percentage of households had radios by 1939?

70%

who controlled the radios and when was this set up?

1925- Reich Radio company

name 4 forms of mass media

1. newsreels
2. film
3. posters
4. radio

how were films used to promote anti-Semitic ideas (e.g., the Eternal Jew)

* used to show them as degenerate
* Eternal Jew was reworked 12 times as Hitler wanted it to be more graphic

by 1941 how many km’s of autobahn had been completed?

4,000

what did newsreels show and why were they significant?

* conveyed key nazi ideas
* admission wasnt allowed after these had begun so no one missed the key message

when was the Olympic Games held in Berlin?

1936

how did the nazis use the olympic games as a propaganda stunt?

to show the superiority of the aryan race

what two elements of german society did the hitler myth capitalise on?

1. militarism (strong soldier who wanted to protect the nation)
2. religion (God-like saviour with ultimate power)

what did Goebbels claim the hitler myth to be?

his greatest propaganda achievement

two ways the hitler myth was created in propaganda?

1. hidden swastika (separates Hitler from the party).
2. paternal ideas (caring for the future of Germany).

three myths perpetuated in the hitler myth

1. simple and sacrificed life for the people
2. political genius
3. tough, uncomprimising and ruthless

in 1933 how members were in the SOPADE?

3,000

where did the SPD move to when they were disbanded in Germany?

Prague

name two cities where revolutionary KPD unions were set up in Germany?

1. berlin
2. hamburg

why the KPD not threatening during these years?

they were focussed on survival

when was the pastors emergency league established and why whom?

* 1933
* Martin Niemoller

when was the confessional church established?

1934

how many pastors had been imprisoned by 1937?

over 700

when was the concordat signed between the Pope and the nazis?

1933

what did the 1933 concordat establish?

mutual respect

when was ‘with burning grief’ (the papal encyclical) released?

1937

why was religious opposition unsuccessful?

not widespread- mainly led by individuals and the majority went along with the regime

how many strikes were there in 1937 by the workers?

250

in 1938 how many workers were arrested in Gleiwitz for absenteeism?

114

why did absenteeism occur?

reaction to long working hours

what were the two aims of the kreisau circle?

1. re-Christianise the nation
2. removal of Hitler- felt he would be bad for the country

who were the swing youths?

middle class youths

what did the swing youths oppose about the Nazis?

the culture of nazism (they idolised US culture)

who were the edelweiss pirates?

working class youths

what did the edelweiss pirates dislike about the nazis?

felt the hitler youth was too political- disliked the forced membership

two of hitlers economic aims

1. autarky
2. wehrwirtschaft

what is autarky?

self-sufficiency

what is wehrwirtschaft?

an economy geared towards war

when was Schacht in charge of economic policy?

1933-36

what was Schacht’s economic policy?

deficit financing

schacht’s three methods

1. government funding for jobs (public work scheme)
2. industrialist expansion (suspended debt/tax concessions)
3. invisible unemployment

what is the mefo bill?

use of credit loans given by the gov. which busisnesses paid back with interest

guns or butter?

the choice in economic policy- should they focus on arms expenditure or foodstuffs for the people

when was Goering put in charge of the economic policy?

4th Sept 1936

two aims of the four year plan

1. autarky
2. rearmament

by how much did military expenditure increase by during 1934-36?

double

what are ersatz

the supplamentary products created within Germany that replaced products that used to be imported

under the policy of autarky what product increased in production?

brown coal (used to make oil)

how did the industrial production improve under the Nazis?

had increased to pre-depression levels

how much did I. G. Farbens profits increase during 1935-39?

71million to 240million

why were big businesses unhappy with nazi economic rule?

did not welcome state intervention- felt that it was too much

what was the 1933 law to protect retail trade?

placed special taxes on large stores and banned new department stores

what percentage of farms were involved in the May 1933 entailed farm law?

35%

in 1939 how many of the 25million male workers were officially unemployed?

35,000

how did they punish childless couples?

higher taxation

what was the name of the award given for women who beared multiple children?

The Honour Cross of German Motherhood

what was the NSV?

national socialist welfare organisation

in Bavaria in one month in 1934 how many litres of milk were given to new mothers?

25,800 litres

how were women who gave up their jobs rewarded?

marriage loans

what did the October 1933 guidelines for recruiting civil service state?

men should be given preference

when was agricultural labour made compulsory for unmarried women under 25?

1939

what was the live birth figure in 1939?

1\.5 million

three ways the nazi policies towards women contradicted their ideology?

1. women as the producers of children
2. support the nuclear family
3. women should stay at home

when was the DAF established?

May 1933

who headed the DAF?

Robert Ley

how many paid employees did the DAF have by 1939?

45,000

when was the KdF (strength through joy) set up?

November 1933

what did the KdF aim to do?

organise the workers leisure time

three rewards implemented by the KdF

1. cruises
2. the peoples car (Volkswagen)
3. theatre/concert tickets