Anatomy Final Sem 1

sagittal/median plane

vertically divides body into left and right

coronal/frontal plane

vertically splits body into front and back

transverse/horizontal plane

horizontally splits body top and bottom

axial parts

head, neck, body (trunk)

appendicular parts

arms and legs (appendages)

anterior/ventral

toward the front of the body

posterior/dorsal

toward the back of the body

superior/cranal

toward the top of the body

inferior/caudal

toward the bottom of the body

medial

toward the midline

lateral

far from the midline

proximal

toward trunk

distal

far from trunk

superficial

closer to the surface

deep

away from the surface

frontal

forehead

orbital

eyes

nasal

nose

buccal

cheeks

mental

chin

occipital

back of head

cervical

neck

axillary

armpit

sternal

breastbone area/chest

abdominal

abdomen

umbilical

bellybutton

pelvic

area above pelvis

inguinal

groin

pubic

genital area

scapular

shoulder blade

vertebral

vertebrae

lumbar

small of back

sacral

between hips; crack

gluteal

buttocks

acromial

point of shoulder

deltoid

shoulder curve

brachial

arm

antecubital

inner elbow

oleocranal

outer elbow

antebrachial

forearm

carpal

wrist

digital

fingers, toes

coxal

hip

femoral

thigh

patellar

front of knee

popliteal

back of knee

crural

shin

sural

calf

fibular

bottom leg

tarsal

ankle

calcaneal

heel

plantar

sole of foot

simple cuboidal

one layer of box-shaped cells; secretion and absorption; walls of glands and in the kidneys

simple squamous

one layer of flat cells; thin for diffusion; lungs and blood vessels

simple columnar

one layer of pillar-shaped cells; secretion and absorption; lining the digestive tract

transitional

stratified epithelium with a top layer that is sometimes squamous and sometimes dome-shaped; stretches easily (allow urine to stretch organs); urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra

stratified cuboidal

two or more layers of box-shaped cells; in the ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

stratified squamous

two or more layers of flat cells; protection from abrasion; skin, mouth, esophagus, and vagina

stratified columnar

two or more layers of pillar-shaped cells; absorption and secretion of mucus; pharynx and male urethra

pseudostratified columnar

column-shaped cells of varying heights with varying nuclei positions; propels particles forward using cilia; secretes mucus; trachea and fallopian tubes

skin

largest organ of the body

accessory organs

hair, nails

viscera

internal organs

epidermis

outer layer of skin

stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale

layers of epidermis

stratum corneum

outermost layer of epidermis; produces keratin

stratum basale

innermost layer of epidermis; produces new cells, Langerhans cells, and melanocytes

dermis

second layer of skin

dermal papillae

ridges that cause fingerprints

collagen + elastic fibers

provide movement

hypodermis

aka subcutaneous layer, deepest layer of skin

impetigo

bacterial infection; blisters and sores on face and hands

acne

overproduction of sebum and oil; clogged pores form red bumps

athlete's foot

fungus infects upper layers of skin; itchy and painful

ringworm

fungus; itchy and scaly patches that might form blisters/ooze

necrotizing fasciitis

"flesh-eating disease"; bacterial infection

MRSA (methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus)

caused by bacteria; resistant to antibiotics

urticaria (hives)

red welts on skin; allergic reaction

eczema

dry, red skin; itchy and burning; allergic reaction

dandruff (seborrheic dermatitis)

white, flaky inflammatory skin condition; often on scalp

psoriasis

scales all over body; too many skin cells produced

albinism

body cannot produce melanin; absence of colour in hair, skin, or iris

compact bone

hard outer layer of bone

spongy bone

less dense, small needle-like pieces of bone (trabeculae)

bone marrow

soft tissue inside bone that produces blood cells

long bones

longer than wide; heads at both ends (ex: femur, humerus)

short bones

generally cube-shaped (ex: carpals, tarsals)

flat bones

thin and flattened; usually curved (ex: skull, ribs, sternum)

irregular bones

irregular shape (ex: vertebrae and hip)

Epiphyseal plates

allow for growth of long bone during childhood

Osteoblasts

bone-forming cells for growth

Osteoclasts

bone-destroying cells; break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

Bone fractures

a break in a bone

Closed (simple) fracture

break that does not penetrate the skin

Open (compound) fracture

broken bone penetrates through the skin

Transverse fracture

when your bone is broken perpendicular to its length

Spiral fracture

one of your bones is broken with a twisting motion

Comminuted fracture

bone fracture is splintered

Hairline fracture

a fracture that is barely visible

insertion

attachment to a bone