virology exam 1

Around what percentage of viruses are smaller than bacteria?

99%

Can viruses produce ATP?

NO

True or False: Viral genomes consist of only one type of nucleic acid (RNA/DNA).

True

Back in the day, viruses were called

filtratable agents

The Chamberland porcelain ultrafilters were used to isolate the very first virus called

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

At what micron level will no known viruses pass through?

0.1 microns

Scientists use what piece of machinery to view the inside and outside of viruses?

electron microscope

Bacteriophages were first isolated in sources such as

human sewage

What can be used to purify a clonal population of a virus?

Plaque assay

What type of viruses can't enter the cell via protein receptors, but rather by injury/opening in/on the host?

Plant viruses

Transmission electron microscope was invented in

1931

In 1930, what two "vaccines" were available?

smallpox and rabies

Using a scraping instrument, scientists in 1930 were able to inoculate orphans with scabs to create a "vaccine" from what virus?

smallpox

Scientists in 1930 were able to isolate what virus by severing the spinal cords of little adorable bunnies?

rabies

Almost every major advancement in microbiology is because of

viruses

One person with measles could theoretically infect how many people?

20

The Hershey-Chase experiment determined that

DNA, not protein, is the hereditary material of viruses

One example where a virus needs a helper virus is

Hepatitis D (It needs Hep B to survive, even though Hep B doesn't need Hep D)

Scientists are able to learn about viruses by tracking

herpes and human migration

Herpes simplex virus 1 has the abbreviation of

HSV-1

DNA of different HSV-1 strains (herpes) helps researchers to study

migration patterns

Herpes (HSV-1) had the most genetic diversity 150,000-200,000 years ago somewhere in

Africa

15,000 years ago, herpes was able to cross from Russia to North America by the use of the

Bering Strait

The theory that viruses fell from outer space in the form of meteors from Mars is called the

Panspermia hypothesis

The theory that viruses are derived from the last universal common ancestor is called (hint: it's an acronym)

LUCA

The theory that suggests that pores in hydrothermal vents provided templates for cells is called the

hydrothermal origin hypothesis

Viral genes that have closely related homologs in cellular organisms (especially hosts of given viruses) describes what class out of the 5 classes of viral genes?

Class 1

Viral genes that are conserved within a major group of viruses that have distantly related cellular homologs describes what class of viral genes?

Class 2

Virus-specific genes that have no detectable cellular homologs (ORFans) describes what class of viral genes?

Class 3

Virus-specific genes that are conserved in a broad group of viruses but have no detectable homologs in cellular life forms describe what class of viral genes?

Class 4

Genes shared by many diverse groups of viruses with only distantly related homologs in cellular organisms, also called viral hallmark genes, describe what class of viral genes?

Class 5

What describes a gene sequence that is similar to a gene sequence in the cellular (host) genome?

homolog

What type of viruses can sometimes make their own copies, cleave themselves, and have enzymatic activity?

RNA viruses

Are RNA viruses often related or unrelated genetically?

unrelated

What type of viruses appears to possibly share a common ancestor?

DNA viruses

All studies/experiments that receive government funding must be free after

one year

What deposits eggs and polydnavirus particles into caterpillars?

Parasitoid wasps

Parasitoid wasps deposit eggs and what virus into caterpillars?

polydnavirus

Polydnavirus expresses only wasp genes that

paralyze caterpillar

Particles that consist of multiple circles of double-stranded DNA encased in capsid proteins and an envelope are called

polydnavirus

A viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome is called

provirus

The example of parasitoid wasps and polydnaviruses (a provirus) is an example of

obligatory mutualism

Persistent viruses that form lifelong associations with host WITHOUT causing disease are called

cryptic viruses

A virus that protects the metazoan host from invading bacteria in our guts are called

BAM Velcro (Bacteriophage Adhering to host Mucus)

The rats infected with SV40 developed tumors, which scared scientists. However, SV40 can't replicate in humans, which means no tumors. SV40 forms a lifelong association with the humans, even though no disease is caused. SV40 is what type of virus in humans?

cryptic

What is a virus survival tactic, allowing for intergenerational virus transmission?

latency (dormant state)

There is evidence that what type of viruses form immunity against bacterial pathogens?

latent viruses

Koalas that harbor this virus are protected from lymphomas and leukemia

Endogenous koala virus (KoRV)

This virus protects mice from the bacterial infections Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia pestis.

Cytomegalovirus

This virus is essential for the development of wings in rosy-apple aphids, which allows them to colonize new plants when food is less abundant and plants are crowded.

Dysaphis plantaginea densovirus

This is a cryptic plant virus that paralyzes and kills aphids on wheat as a survival strategy for wheat and the virus.

aphid lethal paralysis virus (ALPV)

What is the term used to describe the total of all microbiota that live on or inside the human body?

microbiome

What project has characterized the microbial communities found at several different sites on the human body: nasal passages, oral cavity, skin, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract?

Human Microbiome Project (HMP)

The process where DNA from a group of species is collected from an environmental sample and sequenced is called

Metagenomics

What influence ecology and diversity, evolution, and health of all aquatic organisms?

aquatic viromes

What can be used as a weapon against bacterial superbugs, as well as serving as a treatment of bacterial biofilms?

bacteriophage therapy

What describes the delivery of functional copies of dysfunctional genes via retroviruses and adenoviruses?

gene therapy

What describes an RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome?

retrovirus

Retroviruses are important as many of them cause

cancer

What viruses are associated with eye infections and colds/respiratory infections?

adenovirus

Who is most acknowledged for their work with cowpox vaccination?

Edward Jenner

Viral infections are linked to approximately what percent of all cancers?

12%

What virus is an example of a cancer-causing virus as it causes cervical cancer?

HPV

What term describes the oncolytic viruses used to kill cancer cells?

Virotherapy

What viruses are used to kill cancer cells as they can only replicate in tumor cells?

oncolytic viruses

Kissing, sex, touching, sneezing, breastmilk, coughing in someone's face, and animal bites are all examples of

direct transmission

blood, fomites, food, aerosols (coughing in general vicinity), insects, and water are all examples of

indirect transmission

What is the most contagious viral disease to humans?

measles

Civil War soldiers were more likely to die from what than battle?

disease

Germ theory of disease developed in 1880s is also known as

Koch's postulates (Robert Koch)

The 1918 influenza pandemic was also called the

Spanish flu

The 1918 influenza pandemic killed around how many people?

20-50 million people

There were three major outbreaks of polio. What years did these outbreaks occur?

1916, 1940s, and 1950s

What was the main mode of transmission for polio, even though it was unknown at the time?

human feces

Who was the most famous adult who suffered from polio?

FDR

What was the movement that began in 1938 to raise money for polio treatment and research?

The March of Dimes

True or False: Humans are NOT the only real host to polio.

False

What virus really only exists in a few labs around the world nowadays?

smallpox

What does AIDS stand for?

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

HIV is a

retrovirus

True or False: there are vaccines available to prevent HIV.

False

What and when was the first influenza pandemic in the 21st century?

Influenza A (H1N1) in 2009

For the H1N1 virus (Influenza A), what country was the epicenter?

Mexico

The H1N1 (Influenza A) outbreak was a result of various

public health initiatives

What does SARS stand for?

severe acute respiratory syndrome

SARS emerged where and when?

China 2002-2003

SARS spread rapidly in healthcare settings among

workers, patients, and visitors

SARS was a super-spreading due to having a longer \__________ \______ than other viral diseases, which allowed people to travel without symptoms.

incubation period

How was SARS transmitted?

droplets

What does MERS-CoV stand for?

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

When did MERS-CoV arise?

2012-present

Is the exact origin of MERS-CoV known?

No

What is the reservoir for MERS-CoV?

camels (Dromedary)

MERS-CoV spreads from

camel to person

Hantavirus had a major outbreak in what two years?

1993 (U.S. four corners region) and 2012 (Yosemite Park)

All resulting new or emerging infectious disease caused by hantavirus is called

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

Hantavirus is isolated from what resevoir?

deer mice

Is Hantavirus contagious human-to-human or not?

not

Measles was eliminated in what year, only to rise up again because of obnoxious antivaxers?

2000

Measles was brought into the United States because unvaccinated U.S. residents contracted the disease from

traveling to affected regions