history final

bartolommeo dias

proved africa ends

treaty of torsedillas

conflict between spain and portugal, spain could explore west of brazil while portugal could explore east

columbian exchange

old world (east) to new world (west), [old to new-- small pox, measles, bubonic plague, scarlet fever, malaria, wheat, sugar, horses, cows, pigs], [new to old-- turkey, pineapple, beans, vanilla]

triangular trade

trade routes crisscrossing the north and south colonies and the west indies, england, and europe

middle passage

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from west africa to the west indies and americas

ottoman

military success was gunpowder, centralized, suni

suleiman

the magnificent, "law giver", brought ottoman empire to it's height

jannisaries

elite infantry men, christian peasants

constantinople fell to ____________ in the year _______.

the ottomans, 1453

safavid

started as a religious group, shi'ite (islam), art and culture reached new heights (painting, metal work, textiles, etc.)

shah abbas

created an army of slaves loyal to only him, road security, caravan services

mughal

muslims ruling hindu majority, babur was a desendant of genghis khan

akbar

mughal, one of the greatest rulers of all time, allowed hindus to participate in the government, removed non-muslim tax

taj mahal

a tomb built by shah jahan for his wife

din-i-ilahi

"god-ism", mix of hindu, buddist, christian, and islamic teachings with akbar as a diety

ming

chinese dynasty, economy flourished, explored through many expeditions led by zheng he

scholar-gentry

well-educated, in the ideas of confucian, chinese nobles

civil service exams

confucian exam to acquire a position in the chinese bureaucracy

zheng he

chinese admiral during the ming dynasty, led great voyages that spread china's fame throughout asia, gained 16 countries tribute

qing

manchus, queue (hair), upheld confucian beliefs and made the frontier safe

tokugawa shogunate

japan, 200-250 years of peace, no fighting

shogun

military general in control in japan

copernicus

first discussed the helio-centric theory

newton

universal law of gravitation (everything attracts everything)

galileo

telescope, found 4 of jupiters moons

voltaire

french, freedom of speech, religion, and press, "i do not agree with what you have say, but i'll defend to the death your right to say it"

montesquieu

french, separation of powers

john locke

english, life, liberty, and property

enlightenment was the age of ________.

reason

louis XVI

indecisive and paid little attention to government issues

estates-general

assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in france

tennis court oath

vow by members of the 3rd estate not to leave a tennis court until a constitution was written

bastille day

stormed the bastille prison and took it, july 14, 1789

first estate

clergy

second estate

nobility

bourgeoisie

middle class

robspierre

lead revolution, comittee of public safety, blamed for reign of terror, excecuted at the end

reign of terror

during the french revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty", lead by robespierre

napoleon

french general who became emperor of the french

battle of trafalgar

naval battle in which napoleon's forces were defeated by a british fleet

scorched earth policy

burning live stock and crops to prevent the enemy from living off the land

congress of vienna

meeting of representatives of european monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of napoleon

simon bolivar

venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of south american colonies against spanish rule

hatian revolution

first and only successful slave revolt, saint domingue colony (responsible for half of the worlds sugar and coffee) of france revolted and successfully gained control of the island, renamed Haiti

when and where did the industrial revolution begin?

great britain in the 1760s

first industry to be industrialized

textile industry

james watt

steam engine

domestic system

method of production in which work is done in homes rather than in a shop or factory

factory stystem

things made in factories

samuel slater

smuggled plans for how to build a factory into the u.s.

crystal palace

for the great exhibition, made of iron and glass (a LOT of it)

imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

social darwinsim

view of society based on natural selection, stronger people would prosper and weaker ones would fail

david livingstone

a missionary from scotland who traveled into central africa to promote christianity and got lost

east india company

controlled most of india

opium war

a conflict over britain's opium trade in china

boxer rebellion

rebellion in china started by a secret society who opposed the "foreign devils"

spanish-american war

war over cuba, u.s. has control over affairs but they're independant, u.s. gained puerto rico, guam, and the phillipines

panama canal

roosevelt built canal through panama, allowed bc we helped them get independence

monroe doctrine

honds-off policy, "europe, stay out of the americas"

roosevelt collary

"big stick policy," policing the americas

triple entente

britain, france, russia

triple alliance

germany, austria-hungary, italy

black hand

serbian assassins

four fundemental causes of WWI

M- militarism, A- alliance system, I- imperialism, N- nationalism

schlieffen plan

take out france first, then attack russia

trench warfare

no movement, rats, trench foot

unrestricted submarine warfare

germany sank without warning any ship found in british waters

zimmerman telegram

germany to mexico -- "we'll give you your land if you fight on our side"

lusitania

boat with americans on it that germans sank

czar nicholas II

last czar of russia, not good at military, didn't like him

bolsheviks

a group of revolutionary russian marxists who took control of russia's government

lenin

leader of the bolsheviks, got back in the country in a boxcar

treaty of brest-litovsk

treaty between russia and germany that would end russia's involvement in WWI, russia gave up land

treaty of versailles

STUPID, all blame on germany for WWI (no militay, no money, etc.), league of nations

fourteen points

wilson's plan for peace after WWI

only one of fourteen points to make it into the treaty of versailles

league of nations

fascism

started by mussolini, japan and italy practiced

who was the first fascist dictator?

mussolini

japan took over _________ in the 1930s.

china

stalin came to power because of the death of...

lenin

totalitarinism

government control over every aspect of public and private life

appeasment

the practice of giving in to aggression in order to avoid war

munich conference

european leaders attempted to appease hitler by turning over the sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that he would not expand his territory any further

maginot line

a system of underground fortifications along france's border with germany, germany went around it through belgium

stalin-hitler non-aggression pact

agreement between hitler and stalin not to attack one another and to divide poland

bliztkrieg

"lightning war," using planes, tanks and trucks

hitler's major mistake in 1941

attacking the soviet union

pearl harbor

japan bombs u.s. ships in pearl harbor, december 7, 1941

battle of midway

the turning point in the pacific

the final solution

hitler's program of systematically killing the entire jewish people

kristallnacht

"night of broken glass," when nazis attacked jews throughout germany

d-day

allied invasion of normandy, france via land, air, and sea

warsaw pact

alliance of the iron curtain; u.s.s.r., albania, bulgaria, czechoslovakia, east germany, hungary, poland, and romania

berlin airlift

airlift that supplied food and fuel to west berlin when the russians closed off land access

brinkmanship

the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down

marshall plan

u.s. program of economic aid for the reconstruction of europe

truman doctrine

stop spread of communism, specifically help turkey and greece

glasnOst

openness, can criticize the government

pEristroika

economic and political restructuring by Gorbachev