Pathophysiology Master Quizlet

What is cancer caused by?

The malfunction or mutation of genes involved in cell division and cell proliferation.
2 Mutational Routes

Gonorrhea

Definition:
STD that is the second most commonly reported disease in the US of the genitourinary tract
Etiology:
-Neisseria gonorrhoeae that is transferred via sexual act or childbirth
-developing drug resistance

Trichomoniasis

Definition:
STD that is a protozoal infection of the lower genitourinary tract (vaginal in women, urethral in men)
Etiology:
-Trichomonas vaginalis bacteria via sexual contact
-incubation period of 5-28 days

Genital Herpes

Definition:
STD that is incurable, recurrent infection of the genitals with ulcerations spread from skin to skin contact, causing painful sores
Etiology:
-HSV-1 or more commonly HSV-2 viral infection spread to 1-6 adults between the ages of 14-49 via fluids with sexual contact
-women and blacks are more likely to be infected
-increases risk of getting AIDS

Genital Warts (Condylomata Acuminata)

Definition:
an STD with genital infection that causes cauliflower-like growth that may itch or burn and appear several weeks or months after contact via sexual intercourse
Etiology:
-human papillomavirus (HPV) virus is the cause of warts that infects epithelial cells
-incubation period of 1-6 months
-HPV cancer and coinfection with HIV can cause major trouble

Syphilis

Definition:
a chronic, systemic, STD that consists of 4 stages
Etiology:
-caused by infection with the T. pallidum spirochete virus through sexual contact of other direct contact with lesions or fluids
-highly contagious when a chancre (sore-type lesion) appears
-male-to-male intercourse is linked to a rising rate in men

Chancroid

Definition:
an STD with a soft chancre that is a bacterial infection of the genitalia that causes a necrotizing ulceration and lymphadenopathy
Etiology:
-bacterium Haemophilis ducreyi

Hepatitis B

Definition:
An STD (CH 8.)

Erectile Dysfunction/Impotence

Definition:
a consistent inability to achieve or maintain penile erections
Etiology:
-anything that obstructs the nerve response to the penis when veins are compressing during arousal alters the blood flow
-psychological basis in depression, guilt, or sexual fear all have rooted cause
-medical conditions that restrict blood flow (diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and hypercholesterolemia) where drugs can treat hypertension

Male and Female Infertility

Definition:
involuntary inability to conceive
Etiology:
-males: insufficient number or mobility of sperm, the presence of an STD, infection, blockage in the genitourinary tract, genetic conditions structural anomalies, or the presence of a varicocele
-females: STDs, ovulatory dysfunction (failure to ovulate), blocked fallopian tubes, congenital structural, chromosomal disorders, scar tissue, tumors, endometriosis, antisperm antibodies, medications, or psychological distress

Epididymitis

Definition:
male reproductive disease that is inflammtion of the epididymis (excretory duct of the testicles)
Etiology:
-N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis (two most common that are STDs), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus bacteria all cause
-urinary tract infectionm prostatis, and STDs
-tuberculosis, mumps, prostatectomy, trauma, and the prolonged use of an indwelling cathader, HIV positive

Orchitis

Definition:
male reproductive disease that is an infection of the testis
Etiology:
-may be a consequence of the mumps virus as well as other viruses and epididymitis
-acute infection is associated with a STD
-1/2 of severe cases results in atrophy of the affected testicle, sterility when both testicles are affected

Torsion of the Testicle

Definition:
male reproductive disease that is a condition in which one testicle is twisted out of normal position
Etiology:
-the testis rotate on the spermatic cord and causes a sudden extreme twist, or torsion that happen spontaneously or as a result of trauma
-arteries and veins are compressed, ischemia develops, and the scrotum swells

Varicocele

Definition:
male reproductive disease that occurs when the veins of one of the testicles become abnormally distended, causing swelling around the testicle that expands within the scrotal sac
Etiology:
-incompetent venous valves can cause dilation of large scrotal veins and venous stasis
-can be congenital and becomes symptomatic around 15-25 age group

Prostatitis

Definition:
male reproductive disease that is an acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate gland
Etiology:
-cause is usually infection (bacterial or nonbacterial like gonococci, E. coli, urinary tract infection, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, or Pseudomonas; cause is not always known)

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Definition:
male reproductive disease that is nonmalignant, noninflammatory hypertrophy of the prostate gland
Etiology:
-not completely understood; related to aging process and hormonal and metabolic changes
-prostate gland enlarges and compresses neck of the bladder or the urethra and causes obstruction or urinary flow

Prostate Cancer

Defintion:
male reproductive disorder that is the malignancy of the prostate gland that forms cancer; only 3% of males die from it since it grows so slowly
Etiology:
-risk factors include age (more common in men over the age of 40), heredity, lifestyle, ethnicity (more common in black men), men who have the mutations in the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes (breast cancer susceptibility genes) and the Hereditary Prostate Cancer Gene 1 (HPC1)

Testicular Cancer

Definition:
male reproductive disorder in which the testicles develop cancer (most curable solid neoplasms); nearly all are germ cell tumors (GCT) under 2 types (seminomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT)
Etiology:
-most common in men ages 15-45
-risk factors include cryptorchidism (undescended testicle), family history, previous GCT, infertility, HIV infection, Down syndrome, and Klinefelter's syndrome

Premenstrual Syndrome

Definition:
female reproductive disease that includes physical and emotional symptoms that appear shortly after ovulation and subside with menstruation
Etiology:
-fluctuations in the levels of estrogen and progesterone and their subsequent impact of levels of neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) and alterations that lead to sodium and fluid retention

Amenorrhea

Defintion:
female reproductive disease that deals with the absence of menstruation periods, whether temporary of permanent
Etiology:
-late onset of puberty, abnormality in reproductive system, hormonal imbalances in primary disorder
-secondary disorder is mainly hormone related

Dsymonorrhea

Definition:
female reproductive disease that includes pain and cramping associated with menstruation in 50% of females
Etiology:
-cause thought to be muscular structure of the uterus and how it reacts to various chemicals produced in the ovulation cycle in primary; secondary by underlying disease or condition

Ovarian Cysts

Definition:
female reproductive disease that deal with cysts on the ovaries
Etiology:
-two basic types: physiologic (caused by normal functioning of the cysts by follicles developing on ovaries) or neoplastic (malignant, occasionally when cancer from other parts of the body move here)

Endometriosis

Growth of endometrial tissue outside of uterus

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region; salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis, endocervicitis

Uterine Leiomyomas (Fibroids)

benign uterine tumors that can occur singularly or in multiples and can range in size from microscopic lesions to large tumors filling entire abdominal cavity

Vaginitis

inflammation of the vagina

Toxic Shock Syndrome

toxemia leading to shock and organ failure

Menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Uterine Prolapse

downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina

Cystocele

hernia of the urinary bladder

Rectocele

hernia of the rectum

Cervical Cancer

malignant tumor of the cervix

Vaginal Cancer

malignant cells of the vagina

Labial or Vulvar Cancer

Malignancy of the area external to the female genitalia (vulva) which includes the labium (any of four folds of tissue on the outer portion)

Ovarian Cancer

malignant tumor of the ovary

Endometrial Cancer

malignant tumor of the endometrium

Morning Sickness

nausea during the first few months of pregnancy due to increased estrogen and progesterone

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

excessive vomiting during pregnancy

Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)

the unintended termination of a pregnancy

Ectopic Pregnancy

A pregnancy outside of the womb, usually in a fallopian tube

Premature Labor

regular uterine contractions that occur before the fetus is mature

Preeclampsia

Complication during pregnancy that is characterized by hypertension

Eclampsia

Toxemia during pregnancy that is characterized by seizures

Abruptio Placentae

premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall

Placenta Previa

the abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower portion of the uterus

Hydatidiform Mole

a benign tumor of the placenta consisting of multiple cystic and resembling a bunch of grapes

Fibrocystic Breast Condition

disorder characterized by benign cysts in one or both breasts

Mastitis

inflammation of the breast

Fibroadenoma of the Breast

noncancerous breast tumors composed of fibrous and glandular tissue

Mastocarcinoma

cancerous tumor of the breast

Paget's Disease of the Breast

Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola, can be cancerous
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

aphasia

Disturbance in language comprehension or production, often as a result of a stroke.

dysphasia

Difficult speech

paralysis

Absence of strength secondary to nervous impairment.

hemiparesis

partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body

diplopia

Double vision.

Transient Ischemic Attack (mini-stroke)

temporary episodes with a duration of less than 24 hours of impaired neurologic functioning caused by an inadequate flow of blood to a portion of the brain

ulcer

A deep loss of skin surface that may extend into the dermis; may cause periodic bleeding and the formation of scars.

concussion

A loss of function, either partial or complete, as resulting from a blow or fall (for instance)

contusion

A bruise

contrecoup

also known as a counter blow, is an injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact

epidural hematoma

collection of blood that forms between the skull and the dura mater

dura mater

Outermost layer of the meninges

subdural hematoma

blood collects btween the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

arachnoid membrane

middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord

craniotomy

Incision into the skull

cerebral concussion

Temporary brain dysfunction (brief loss of consciousness) after injury, usually clearing within 24 hours

cerebral contusion

Bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head; neurologic deficits persist longer than 24 hours

Depressed skull fracture

-bone pressed inward into the brain tissue to at least the thickness of the skull; skull depressed : may cause bruising or tearing of dura and lead to menengitis or seizures, -skull depressed : may cause bruising or tearing of dura and lead to menengitis or seizure

hemiplegia

paralysis of one side of the body

Battle's signs

Bruising behind the ears (over the mastoid process); a very late sign of skull fracture.

Raccon eyes

Basal skull fracture

nuchal rigidity

neck stiffness

paraplegia

Paralysis from the waist down

quadripleiga

loss of nerve function at the cervical region resulting in paralysis of the arms, hands, trunk, and legs.

degenerative disk

A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging

electromyogram

a graphical record of electric currents associated with muscle contractions

analgesic

a medicine used to relieve pain

NSAIDS

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

herniated disk

:herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus (center gelatinous material within an intervertebral disk) between two vertebrae, also called prolapsed disk; a herniated disk places pressure on a spinal root nerve or the spinal cord. Displacement of the disk irritates the spinal nerves, causing muscle spasm and pain, occurs most commonly in the lower spine

nucleus pulposus

The central, soft portion of a disk:

sciatic nerve

Longest and thickest nerve of the body(L4-S3)

sciatica

Inflammation of the sciatic nerve

spinal stenosis

Narrowing of the spinal canal

cephalalgia (headache)

It involves pain anywhere within the cranial cavity varying in intensity from mild to severe, may be chronic or acute, and may occur as a result of a disease process or be totally benign. The majority of headaches are transient and produce mild pain that is relieved by a mild analgesic.

migraine

A severe headache, often unilateral, and sometimes accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

tension headache

s a dull, bilateral, or diffuse headache that is often described as a pressure or squeezing sensation of mild to moderate intensity. This type of headache has no accompanying migraine features (such as nausea), and its pain does not prohibit activity, characteristics that do not match this patient's symptoms. Headache triggered by stress is often mistaken as tension-type headache, even though stress is one of the most commonly reported migraine triggers. Up to 75% of patients with migraine report neck pain that precedes or occurs during the attack, and this scenario is frequently mistaken for tension-type headache.

vascular headache

Pain arises from the vascular system--cluster or migraine headaches due to inappropriate vasoconstriction of the arteries

epilepsy (more than 30 types)

sudden episodes of abnormal intense electrical activity in the brain

Parkinson's

slowly progressive disorder onset of recognizable disturbances:a 'pill-rolling" tremor of the thumb and forefinger, muscular rigidity, slowness of movement, and post ural instabiltiy

Huntington's chorea

hereditary degenerative disease of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia progressive atrophy of the brain occurs

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

progressive, motor neuron disease that results in muscular atrophy

fasciculations

Involuntary contractions or twitchings of muscle fibers

biopsy

Diagnostic examination of a piece of tissue from the living body

RLS (RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME)

irresistible urge to move the legs;

Transient Global Amnesia

Sudden onset of compete anterograde amnesia and learning abilities, pronounced retrograde amnesia, preservation of memory for personal identity, anxious awareness of memory loss with repeated and often perseverative questioning, overall normal behavior

Neuropathy/peripheral neuritis

degeneration of the peripheral nerves

Trigeminal Neuralgia/tic douloureux

pain of the face are innervated by the fifth cranial nerve/trigeminal nerve

Bell's palsy

disorder of the facial nerve (seventh cranial) that causes a onset of weakness or paralysis of facial muscles

Meningitis

Acute infection of the meninges.