What is the 1st level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)?
Atoms
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What is the 2nd level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)
Molecules
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What is the 3rd level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)
Macromolecules
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What is the 4th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)
organelles
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What is the 5th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)
cells
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What is the 6th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)
tissues
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What is the 7th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)
organs
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What is the 8th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)
organ systems
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What is the 9th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)
organisms
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What is the biosphere?
Anywhere there is life
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What is the difference between a population and a community?
Populations are all the organisms of one species in a habitat. A community is all the populations of different species living in the same habitat.
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A \__________ is an organisms role or job in an ecosystem
niche
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A \____________ is the place that the organism lives in an ecosystem
habitat
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What is the original source of all energy in an ecosystem?
sun
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What is a food chain?
The order of events in an ecosystem (when one organism eats another)
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What is a food web?
several food chains connected together
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In food chains and food webs what way do the arrows go?
from eaten to the eater (up)
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Biomass definition
The total living matter in a given area (animals + plants)
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What are the 3 ecological pyramids?
Energy, Biomass and Number
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What is an energy pyramid?
It shows how energy flows and is lost as heat moves through the food chain
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What is a number pyramid?
It shows the number of individual organisms at each trophic level.
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What is a Biomass pyramid?
It shows the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level
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What is the trophic level in a food chain?
It is teh level a specific organism occupies in a food chain (ex; primary producers, consumers)
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How is energy transferred from one trophic level to the next?
when organic molecules from an organism are eaten by another
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What is the 10% rule?
Only 10% of the energy at one level us available to the next, the other 90% is lost in metabolic processes or given off as heat.
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What is nitrogen fixation?
Changing nitrogen into forms usable by plants
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What is an abiotic factor?
Something that is not alive and never will be alive
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What is a biotic factor?
Something that is or once was alive
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What is symbiosis?
Two different species living closely together
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What is mutualism?
When both organisms benefit
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Commensalism
one organism benefits and the other is not affected
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Parasitism
One organism benefits and the other is harmed
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What is carbohydrates monomer?
monosaccharide
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What is carbohydrates elements?
carboh, hydrogen, and oxygen
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What is carbohydrates examples?
glucose, starch and cellulose
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What is carbohydrates functions?
short term energy storage. Plant structure and support
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What is lipids monomer?
glycerol and fatty acids
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What are lipids elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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What are lipids examples?
body fat, oils and waxes
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What are lipids functions?
energy storage (long term) make up cells membrane and hormones
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What is proteins monomers?
amino acids
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What are proteins elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
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What are proteins examples?
lipase, insulin, amylase and protease
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What are proteins functions?
structure support, make enzymes to speed up chemical reactions
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What is nucleic acids monomer?
nucleotide
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What are nucleic acid elements?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus
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What are nucleic acid examples?
DNA, RNA, ATP
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What are nucleic acids functions?
building blocks of DNA, carry genetic code
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How do you know C6H12O6 is a carbohydrate?
Because all monosaccharides share a commone formula ( because of their six carbon atoms)
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What is the difference between saturates and unsaturated fatty acids?
Fatty acids\---\> single bonds. Unsaturated Fatty acids \------\> one or more double bonds.
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What does a denatured protein mean?
They will not function anymore because they have fallen apart- can no longer function as an enzyme
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What 2 factors denature an enzyme?
1- heat/temp2-pH
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What are enzymes?
They are proteins that accelerate chemical reactions, they break down substrates to create products. Each is specific to one chemical reaction each ( work like a key in a lock)
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Diagram of enzymes
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What is the 1st step in enzyme chemical reactions?
the substrate binds to a specific enzyme at an active area
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What is the 2nd step in enzyme chemical reactions?
Catalysis happens (breaking down of the substrate)
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What is the 3rd step in enzyme chemical reactions?
Enzyme release the product, then returns to its original shape
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enzyme graph
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What are noncompetitive inhibitors?
They do not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape which alters the active site.
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What are competitive inhibitors?
bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate
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lipid molecule
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Protein molecule
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Carbohydrate molecule
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Nucleic Acid molecule
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What is the 1st factor of cell theory?
All living things are made up of cells
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What is the 2nd factor of cell theory?
Cells are a basic unit of structure and function in an organism
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What is the 3rd factor of cell theory?
New cells are produced from existing cells
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What is the carbon cycle?
how carbon cycles between the environment and living tissues
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What is the nitrogen cycle?
how nitrogen is converted to usable forms then recycled through the ecosystem
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What are some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
p- (simple) free floating dna, no membrane bound organelles, make up archaea and bacteriae- (complex) have nucleus, make up animal and plant cells
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Why are viruses not considered living?
They cannot reproduce by themselves (using their own genetic material)
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What 3 structures do plant cells have the animal cells don't?
1) cell walls2) chloroplasts3) central vacuole
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Why are cells small?
Because if it gets too big it will become inefficient (to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio)
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What is are 3 function of the cell membrane? (1)
Keep toxic substances out of the cell
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What is are 3 function of the cell membrane? (2)
contain receptors and channels that allow specific molecules to pass between organelles, the cell and the outside environment
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What is are 3 function of the cell membrane? (3)
separate metabolic processes conducted within organelles
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Animal cell diagram
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Plant cell diagram
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Cell membrane diagram
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cell membrane diagram
hyrdophilic and hydrophobic
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When molecules move with the concentration gradient it means they are moving from \______ to \______?
high to low
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When molecules move with the concentration gradient this is considered what type of transport?
Passive
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When molecules move against the concentration gradient it means they are moving from \______ to \______?
low to high
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When molecules move against the concentration gradient this is considered what type of transport?
active
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If a cell is shriveled it is considered what?
hypertonic
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If a cell is normal it is considered what?
Isotonic
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If a cell is lysed it is considered what?
Hypotonic
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What is dynamic equilibrium?
a state of balance between continuing processes- the movement of water across a cell membrane being balanced
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What is endocyctosis?
a form of active transport when molecules are brought into the cell
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What is exocytosis?
a form of active transport when the cell moves molecules out of the cell
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does endo/exocytosis require energy
yes
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Which direction does endo/exocytosis move?
against the CG
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Does endo/exocytosis use transport proteins?
yes_(transport_proteins)
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
glucose + oxygen --\> carbon dioxide + water + energy
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water -\> glucose + oxygen
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Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called?
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Flashcard (90)