Biology Midterm

What is the 1st level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)?

Atoms

What is the 2nd level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)

Molecules

What is the 3rd level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)

Macromolecules

What is the 4th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)

organelles

What is the 5th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)

cells

What is the 6th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)

tissues

What is the 7th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)

organs

What is the 8th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)

organ systems

What is the 9th level of ecological organization (smallest to largest)

organisms

What is the biosphere?

Anywhere there is life

What is the difference between a population and a community?

Populations are all the organisms of one species in a habitat. A community is all the populations of different species living in the same habitat.

A \__________ is an organisms role or job in an ecosystem

niche

A \____________ is the place that the organism lives in an ecosystem

habitat

What is the original source of all energy in an ecosystem?

sun

What is a food chain?

The order of events in an ecosystem (when one organism eats another)

What is a food web?

several food chains connected together

In food chains and food webs what way do the arrows go?

from eaten to the eater (up)

Biomass definition

The total living matter in a given area (animals + plants)

What are the 3 ecological pyramids?

Energy, Biomass and Number

What is an energy pyramid?

It shows how energy flows and is lost as heat moves through the food chain

What is a number pyramid?

It shows the number of individual organisms at each trophic level.

What is a Biomass pyramid?

It shows the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level

What is the trophic level in a food chain?

It is teh level a specific organism occupies in a food chain (ex; primary producers, consumers)

How is energy transferred from one trophic level to the next?

when organic molecules from an organism are eaten by another

What is the 10% rule?

Only 10% of the energy at one level us available to the next, the other 90% is lost in metabolic processes or given off as heat.

What is nitrogen fixation?

Changing nitrogen into forms usable by plants

What is an abiotic factor?

Something that is not alive and never will be alive

What is a biotic factor?

Something that is or once was alive

What is symbiosis?

Two different species living closely together

What is mutualism?

When both organisms benefit

Commensalism

one organism benefits and the other is not affected

Parasitism

One organism benefits and the other is harmed

What is carbohydrates monomer?

monosaccharide

What is carbohydrates elements?

carboh, hydrogen, and oxygen

What is carbohydrates examples?

glucose, starch and cellulose

What is carbohydrates functions?

short term energy storage. Plant structure and support

What is lipids monomer?

glycerol and fatty acids

What are lipids elements?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What are lipids examples?

body fat, oils and waxes

What are lipids functions?

energy storage (long term) make up cells membrane and hormones

What is proteins monomers?

amino acids

What are proteins elements?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

What are proteins examples?

lipase, insulin, amylase and protease

What are proteins functions?

structure support, make enzymes to speed up chemical reactions

What is nucleic acids monomer?

nucleotide

What are nucleic acid elements?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus

What are nucleic acid examples?

DNA, RNA, ATP

What are nucleic acids functions?

building blocks of DNA, carry genetic code

How do you know C6H12O6 is a carbohydrate?

Because all monosaccharides share a commone formula ( because of their six carbon atoms)

What is the difference between saturates and unsaturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids\---\> single bonds. Unsaturated Fatty acids \------\> one or more double bonds.

What does a denatured protein mean?

They will not function anymore because they have fallen apart- can no longer function as an enzyme

What 2 factors denature an enzyme?

1- heat/temp2-pH

What are enzymes?

They are proteins that accelerate chemical reactions, they break down substrates to create products. Each is specific to one chemical reaction each ( work like a key in a lock)

Diagram of enzymes

What is the 1st step in enzyme chemical reactions?

the substrate binds to a specific enzyme at an active area

What is the 2nd step in enzyme chemical reactions?

Catalysis happens (breaking down of the substrate)

What is the 3rd step in enzyme chemical reactions?

Enzyme release the product, then returns to its original shape

enzyme graph

What are noncompetitive inhibitors?

They do not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape which alters the active site.

What are competitive inhibitors?

bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate

lipid molecule

Protein molecule

Carbohydrate molecule

Nucleic Acid molecule

What is the 1st factor of cell theory?

All living things are made up of cells

What is the 2nd factor of cell theory?

Cells are a basic unit of structure and function in an organism

What is the 3rd factor of cell theory?

New cells are produced from existing cells

What is the carbon cycle?

how carbon cycles between the environment and living tissues

What is the nitrogen cycle?

how nitrogen is converted to usable forms then recycled through the ecosystem

What are some differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

p- (simple) free floating dna, no membrane bound organelles, make up archaea and bacteriae- (complex) have nucleus, make up animal and plant cells

Why are viruses not considered living?

They cannot reproduce by themselves (using their own genetic material)

What 3 structures do plant cells have the animal cells don't?

1) cell walls2) chloroplasts3) central vacuole

Why are cells small?

Because if it gets too big it will become inefficient (to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio)

What is are 3 function of the cell membrane? (1)

Keep toxic substances out of the cell

What is are 3 function of the cell membrane? (2)

contain receptors and channels that allow specific molecules to pass between organelles, the cell and the outside environment

What is are 3 function of the cell membrane? (3)

separate metabolic processes conducted within organelles

Animal cell diagram

Plant cell diagram

Cell membrane diagram

cell membrane diagram

hyrdophilic and hydrophobic

When molecules move with the concentration gradient it means they are moving from \______ to \______?

high to low

When molecules move with the concentration gradient this is considered what type of transport?

Passive

When molecules move against the concentration gradient it means they are moving from \______ to \______?

low to high

When molecules move against the concentration gradient this is considered what type of transport?

active

If a cell is shriveled it is considered what?

hypertonic

If a cell is normal it is considered what?

Isotonic

If a cell is lysed it is considered what?

Hypotonic

What is dynamic equilibrium?

a state of balance between continuing processes- the movement of water across a cell membrane being balanced

What is endocyctosis?

a form of active transport when molecules are brought into the cell

What is exocytosis?

a form of active transport when the cell moves molecules out of the cell

does endo/exocytosis require energy

yes

Which direction does endo/exocytosis move?

against the CG

Does endo/exocytosis use transport proteins?

yes_(transport_proteins)

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

glucose + oxygen --\> carbon dioxide + water + energy

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide + water -\> glucose + oxygen

Plants gather the sun's energy with light-absorbing molecules called?

Pigments

What is the main pigment in plants?

chlorophyll

Plants take in the sun's energy by absorbing?

light energy

Why are plants green?

Chlorophyll reflects green light

Chloroplast diagram