ENVS 150 Exam 4 Foret

a. ATP and phospholipids

Phosphorus (P) is used by the plant as a component of:
a. ATP and phospholipids
b. chlorophyll and nucleic acids
c. chlorophyll and phospholipids
d. middle lamella and membranes
e. middle lamella and nucleic acids

b. xylem, cohesion, evaporation

Upward movement of water occurs mainly in the _______ through passive ________ driven by _______.
a. xylem, water pumping, humidity
b. xylem, cohesion, evaporation
c. phloem, cohesion, evaporation
d. phloem, water pumping, humidity
e. phloem, capillary action, transpiration

d. The surrounding solution has a lower solute potential (hypotonic solution)

Water will move into a cell when:
a. Plasmolysis occurs
b. The surrounding solution has a higher water potential (hypertonic solution)
c. The surrounding solution is an isotonic solution
d. The surrounding solution has a lower solute potential (hypotonic solution)
e. The surrounding solution has a higher temperature

c. soil texture

Soil particles are separated into their respective sizes and the percentage in each size category is calculated to determine:
a. tilth
b. physical relationship
c. soil texture
d. humus
e. soil structure

a. adhesion

The force of attraction between unlike molecules (such as soil and water) is called:
a. adhesion
b. cohesion
c. osmosis
d. gravity
e. centrifugal force

c. High to low water potential

Water flows from:
a. Low to high water temperature
b. Low to high water potential
c. High to low water potential
d. From the roots to the soil
e. High to low water temperature

c. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

More than 90% of a living plant is composed of which elements?
a. carbon, nitrogen, calcium and magnesium
b. hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
c. carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
d. nitrogen, oxygen, calcium and magnesium
e. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

c. rainfall and temperature

Terrestrial biomes are primarily characterized by:
a. temperature
b. glaciers
c. rainfall and temperature
d. rainfall
e. number of plant species

d. summer solstice

When the north pole is tilted toward the sun and the sun rays hit the tropic of cancer at a 90 degree angle:
a. fall equinox
b. spring equinox
c. winter solstice
d. summer solstice
e. summer equinox

e. All affect the weather pattern

Weather patterns are affected by:
a. The tilt of the earth's axis
b. The high specific heat of water
c. The distribution of oceans around the globe
d. Orientation and height of mountain ranges
e. All affect the weather pattern

e. arctic tundra

This biome supports a low number of plant species, receives little rain, and plants have shallow root zones due to permafrost and wet soil.
a. desert
b. arctic grassland
c. marsh and bog lands
d. boreal forest
e. arctic tundra

c. Trees will grow in Antarctica

Global warming is changing the geographic distribution of biomes. Which of the following statements is NOT a likely result of global warming?
a. More nitrogen will be available in some areas for plant growth
b. Some plants will flower earlier in spring
c. Trees will grow in Antarctica
d. Some plants will flower later in fall
e. Some plants will grow further north and at higher elevations

a. Crop land for grains

Most of the temperate grasslands in the northern hemisphere have been converted to:
a. Crop land for grains
b. Tree plantations for timber
c. Tree plantations for biomass
d. Crop land for vegetable production
e. Orchards for fruit production

d. Each biome has three specific plant species that it is named after

Which of the following statements about biomes is NOT true?
a. A biome can be very diverse
b. Global climate patterns shape vegetation and biomes
c. Biomes can cover very large or small geographic areas
d. Each biome has three specific plant species that it is named after
e. Worldwide 14 different biomes are recognized

b. commensalism and predation

Herbivory is a common example of:
a. parasitism
b. commensalism and predation
c. competition
d. commensalism
e. predation

e. organismal, population, community, ecosystem

Put the levels of ecological study from the smallest to the largest.
a. population, community, ecosystem, organismal
b. ecosystem, organismal, population, community
c. community, ecosystem, organismal, population
d. ecosystem, community, population, organismal
e. organismal, population, community, ecosystem

b. All affect population size

Population size is affected by:
a. Rate of death
b. All affect population size
c. Reproductive pattern
d. Carrying capacity
e. Environmental resources

d. all are functions of wetlands

Wetlands are important ecosystems because they:
a. are carbon sinks
b. store water during floods
c. recharge ground water
d. all are functions of wetlands
e. improve water quality

b. How organisms interact with each other and their environment

The discipline of ecology studies:
a. How human management changed crop yields
b. How organisms interact with each other and their environment
c. How fish can replace meat for human and animal nutrition
d. How the change in climate results in more forest fires
e. How weather affects plant and animal growth

d. An example of mutualism between a plant and ants

Myrmecophytes are:
a. Attachments to the end of leaves providing proteins and lipids for insects
b. An example of commensalism between a plant and ants
c. Enlarged woody stipules providing shelter for ants
d. An example of mutualism between a plant and ants
e. Ants dispersing the seeds of their host plants

a. field capacity

___________________ is the amount of water the soil can hold against the force of gravity.
a. field capacity
b. capillary water
c. saturation
d. gravitational water
e. permanent wilting point

c. proton pumps

Active transport of molecules across membranes occurs through:
a. carrier proteins
b. diffusion
c. proton pumps
d. aquaporins
e. channels and channel proteins

b. precipitation

Nitrate is highly soluble and can be leached from soil by:
a. barometric pressure
b. precipitation
c. solar radiation
d. animals
e. wind

c. Nucleic acid movement of toxins out of the cell

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of ion exclusion from plant cells?
a. Apoplast pathway
b. Antiporter movement of toxins into the vacuole
c. Nucleic acid movement of toxins out of the cell
d. Metallothioneins
e. Casparian strip

b. The sum of the solute and pressure potential

Water potential in a plant is
a. The concentration of solutes
b. The sum of the solute and pressure potential
c. Can be positive or negative
d. All are correct
e. The sum of the osmotic and solute potential

b. humus

After the complete decomposition of organic matter, the remaining complex, amorphous, colloidal substance is called:
a. litter
b. humus
c. trash
d. silt
e. organic acid

c. Water moves from the roots into the leaves due to negative pressure from transpiration

The cohesion theory states
a. Is based on the tension in the stem and the leaves
b. Is based on positive pressure exerted by the roots into the stem and the leaves
c. Water moves from the roots into the leaves due to negative pressure from transpiration
d. Water moves in the phloem through tracheids in a continuous column
e. Water moves from the roots into the leaves due to adhesion

b. Equator

A Hadley Cell is a circulation of rising air and precipitation over the:
a. Tropic of Capricorn
b. Equator
c. Tropic of Cancer
d. Arctic Circle
e. Antarctic Circle

c. All are desert features

Desert biomes have these features:
a. Low amount of rain and humidity
b. Mostly sparse vegetation
c. All are desert features
d. Succulent perennial vegetation
e. Temperatures ranging from below freezing to 30°C

a. climate

The prevailing atmospheric conditions of an area over a long period of time.
a. climate
b. macroclimate
c. weather
d. pressure
e. microclimate

a. tropical rainforests

This biome is home to the greatest number of plant and animal species
a. tropical rainforests
b. subtropical conifer forests
c. the Mohave desert
d. deciduous mixed forests
e. deserts and xeric shrublands

e. The side of a mountain range and beyond dominated by dry air masses

A rain shadow is what area?
a. The upper elevations of a mountain range beyond the tree line
b. The area above the polar region
c. The side of a mountain range dominated by moist air that rises
d. The area where northeast and westerly tradewinds meet around 30°N
e. The side of a mountain range and beyond dominated by dry air masses

a. Degree of pollution

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an aquatic biome?
a. Degree of pollution
b. Presence of fresh water
c. Depth and flow rate of water
d. Proximity to land
e. Presence of salt water

a. Amount of sunlight

Climate in an area is primarily dependent on:
a. Amount of sunlight
b. Rainfall distribution over the year
c. Wind pattern
d. Orientation of mountain ranges
e. Relative humidity

b. nitrogen fixation, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification

The major processes in the nitrogen cycle are:
a. carbon and nitrogen recycling, nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation
b. nitrogen fixation, mineralization, nitrification, and denitrification
c. mineralization, nitrification, assimilation, and photosynthesis
d. assimilation, mineralization, carbon fixation, nitrogen release
e. mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, respiration, and assimilation

e. Colonization of an area with vegetation for the first time

Primary succession is characterized by the following:
a. Vegetation that develops after a forest fire
b. The area is covered by a sparse amount of low growing plants and a few shrubs
c. A stable community of trees, shrubs and grasses
d. Few herbivores colonizing the area
e. Colonization of an area with vegetation for the first time

e. The age and geographical distribution of a population of individuals of the same species

Population ecology studies:
a. How an invasive weed changes the composition and number of herbivores
b. How individuals of a species behave in different climates
c. The interaction between two species
d. How populations of all plants and animals in an area are affected by a volcanic eruption
e. The age and geographical distribution of a population of individuals of the same species

a. Fungi and bacteria, plants, herbivores, predators

A simple food chain has the following levels in hierarchical order:
a. Fungi and bacteria, plants, herbivores, predators
b. Producers, secondary consumers, primary consumers, decomposers
c. Bacteria, fish, plants, bear
d. Primary consumers, tertiary consumers, producers
e. Predators, secondary consumers, primary consumers

c. 10%

How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem?
a. 20%
b. 33%
c. 10%
d. 25%
e. 5%

c. Succession is affected only by biotic factors

Which of the following statements about succession is NOT true?
a. Succession is affected by biotic and abiotic factors
b. Succession occurs over a long period of time
c. Succession is affected only by biotic factors
d. Succession is the change in ecosystems and their communities over time
e. Succession goes through stages based on climate and biomass production

e. yellowing

Chlorosis is __________ of the leaves.
a. jaundice
b. browning
c. curling
d. necrosis
e. yellowing

d. Nutrient film technique grows plants on a large tank on a thin, porous film.

Which of the following statements is NOT true for hydroponic growing systems?
a. They are used to cultivate plants without soil
b. Roots in deep flow hydroponic systems rely on air pumped into the water continuously.
c. Aggregate hydroponic systems use rockwool or coconut coir as inert media.
d. Nutrient film technique grows plants on a large tank on a thin, porous film.
e. Typical growing systems include aggregate hydroponic, nutrient film technique, and deep flow systems.

e. it is often a limiting nutrient

What is NOT true for Potassium (K):
a. it increases root growth
b. it plays a role in stomata opening
c. it has a possitive charge
d. it is required for the activation of enzymes
e. it is often a limiting nutrient

d. a soil profile

A vertical section of soil extending through all its horizons from the surface to the parent material is known as:
a. the earth's crust
b. a soil sample
c. subsoil
d. a soil profile
e. parent material

b. They differ in chemical, physical, and biological properties and depth.

Which of the following applies to soil horizons?
a. They are organized in layers called A, B, C, and R.
b. They differ in chemical, physical, and biological properties and depth.
c. They differ only in physical and biological, but not in chemical properties.
d. The soil texture of the different horizons gets coarser with depth.
e. The soil texture of the different horizons gets finer with depth.

b. Mycorrhizal fungi

Plants can be assisted with the uptake of phosphorus by:
a. Mushrooms
b. Mycorrhizal fungi
c. Root aphids
d. Lichens
e. Rhizobium bacteria

e. How osmosis works

The pressure flow hypothesis does NOT explain:
a. How carbohydrates move from a source into companion cells and sieve tubes
b. How water pressure in the sieve tube cells drives the flow in the phloem
c. How carbohydrates move from the leaves to growing buds
d. How cotransporter proteins move carbohydrates
e. How osmosis works

d. 3

How many systems or belts of surface winds in each hemisphere determine the patterns of precipitation and vegetation?
a. 4
b. 5
c. 1
d. 3
e. 2

b. weather

Atmospheric conditions experienced at a particular time:
a. climate
b. weather
c. pressure
d. macroclimate
e. microclimate

a. deserts and xeric shrublands

This biome is found on five continents with plants that look similar but are not related.
a. deserts and xeric shrublands
b. mangroves
c. tropical broadleaf forests
d. tropical grasslands
e. boreal forests

a. Trade winds, Westerlies, Arctic winds

The correct order of wind systems between the equator and each pole is:
a. Trade winds, Westerlies, Arctic winds
b. Arctic winds, Easterlies,Trade winds
c. Arctic winds, Westerlies,Trade winds
d. Arctic winds, Trade winds, Westerlies
e. Westerlies, Trade winds, Arctic winds

b. Coniferous forest and tundra

The two largest terrestrial biomes in the world are:
a. Seasonal tropical forest and grassland
b. Coniferous forest and tundra
c. Savanna and tropical forest
d. Tropical rainforest and alpine tundra
e. Polar ice and shrubland

d. temperate coniferous forest

This biome receives ample rainfall, has annual temperatures from 5°C to 20°C, and is home to spruce, fir, pine, hemlock, and redwood.
a. subtropical coniferous forest
b. chapparal
c. temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
d. temperate coniferous forest
e. borreal forest

b. winter solstice

When the south pole is tilted toward the sun and the sun rays hit the tropic of capricorn at a 90 degree angle:
a. summer solstice
b. winter solstice
c. fall equinox
d. spring equinox
e. summer equinox

e. all are places were wetlands occur

Wetlands are found in:
a. along lakes
b. inland areas
c. along rivers
d. coastal areas
e. all are places were wetlands occur

a. epiphytes

Which of these is NOT an example of mutualism:
a. epiphytes
b. mycorrhizae
c. rhyzobium
d. insect pollination
e. myrmecophytes

d. All are components of conservation biology

Conservation Biology:
a. Studies population dynamics
b. Finds methods to preserve threatened species
c. Reduces fragmentation of habitats
d. All are components of conservation biology
e. Restores environments for threatened species

d. all ecosystems

Ecological succession occurs in:
a. savannas
b. forests
c. grasslands
d. all ecosystems
e. wetlands

a. Reproduce rapidly and early

Ecologists characterize species by the r/K selection theory. Which is NOT a trait of K selected populations?
a. Reproduce rapidly and early
b. Adapted to competition
c. Live in a stable environment
d. Few offspring
e. Have a high survival rate

b. Short lifespan

Ecologists characterize species by the r/K selection theory. Which is a trait of r selected populations?
a. Have a high survival rate
b. Short lifespan
c. Adapted to competition
d. Few offspring
e. Live in a stable environment

Mistletoe and dodder

________ and __________ are examples of higher plants that cause damage because they are hemiparasites (water parasites) or true parasites because they lack chlorophyll and depend on the host for all nourishment

Rats

____________ are the most serious vertebrate pests, however deer, mice, gophers, squirrels, rabbits, nutriarats, beaver, raccoons, and various birds may also become pests

high,
moisture,
rainfall

At the equator, temperatures are ______ all year round and trade winds carry _____ off oceans resulting in high levels of __________

temperate forest

Between 40-50 degrees latitude with 30+ inches of rainfall per year, _______ develops

climate, soils, and plant composition

A biome is a collection of ecosystems with similar _____ , ______, and _______

Detritovores

________ break up large pieces of organic matter into smaller pieces. They are the first step in decomposition

b. the amount of resources available

The carrying capacity of an environment changes with:
a. The number of predators and herbivores
b. The amount of resources available
c. The number of parasites
d. The number of herbivores
e. The number of predators

Biological

______ controls are considered an environmentally friendly alternative to using pesticides

compact the soils

Cultivation is tillage between seedling emergence and crop harvest, and serves all these functions except:

b. are part of an essential metabolic function or molecule

Essential elements for plant growth:
a. Are required for the plant to produce seed
b. Are part of an essential metabolic function or molecule
c. Are required for the plant to flower
d. Are required for a plant to survive cold temperatures
e. Are all extracted from the air

provide shading for other crops

Establishing a deeply rooting permanent cover crop, such as a mixed grass-alfalfa cover crop, can do all except:

TRUE

True/False: Every available niche tends to be filled and resources are fully exploited in a healthy ecosystem

Similar vegetation types tend to occur in similar climates around the globe

Explorer Alexander con Humboldt observed that ____________

b. Nitrogen

The first limiting nutrient for plants is usually ____
a. Iron
b. Nitrogen
c. Potassium
d. Phosphorus
e. Calcium

c. cohesion

The force of attraction between two like molecules (like water and water) is called _______
a. Centrifugal force
b. Gravity
c. Cohesion
d. Osmosis
e. Adhesion

GPS

Genetically resistant plant may occur naturally, or through classical plant breeding programs, or may be derived through the use of molecular biology techniques commonly called __________

Herbicides

Instead of plowing, dissing, and otherwise cultivating to remove old vegetation, ________ are used to kill the vegetation which is left in place.

Furrow

___________ irrigation is an outdoor surface irrigation system used for row crops

Heat therapy

_________ is a method of freeing plants of the virus organism. This method involves keeping the virus infested plant at 30 degrees C for 20-30 days.

Pesticide

_________ is a method to control (manage) pest that should be used as a last resort in a sustainable agricultural integrated pest management system

e. Rhizobium

________ is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes
a. Anabaena
b. Mycorriza
c. Azotobacter
d. Actinomycetes
e. Rhizobium

Tillage

________ is defined as a mechanical manipulation of soil to provide a favorable environment for crop growth

Spring-tooth harrow

A ____________ is sometimes used in seedbed preparation because it is effective in breaking up soil crusts, reducing clod sizes, and destroying small weeds.

a. Nitrogen

One element NOT supplied naturally by air and water is ___________.
a. Nitrogen
b. Hydrogen
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Oxygen
e. Carbon

a. Guttation

The loss of water through special openings (not stomata) in the leaves is called:
a. Guttation
b. Transpiration
c. Evaporation
d. Dew
e. Leakage

b. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest

This biome is dominated by trees such as oak, elm, poplar, beech and maple and is desirable for human settlement and agricultural production.
a. Savanna
b. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
c. Subtropical rainforest
d. Temperate coniferous forest
e. Tropical rainforest

e. B and C are correct

Nutrient definciencies appear first:
a. In young leaves if the element is mobile in the plant
b. In old leaves if the element is mobile in the plant
c. In your leaves if the element is immobile in the plant
d. In old leaves if the element is immobile in the plant
e. B and C are correct

e. A

Top soil is found in the ____________ horizon.
a. O
b. D
c. B
d. C
e. A

a. Cooling ocean temperatures

What is the LEAST LIKELY cause for habitat fragmentation?
a. Cooling ocean temperatures
b. Change in land use
c. Volcanic eruptions
d. Replanting logged sites
e. Logging of old growth forest

e. Permanent wilting point

_____________ occurs when a plant wilts, and cannot recover when placed in a saturated atmosphere.
a. Field capacity
b. Saturation
c. Gravitational water
d. Capillary water
e. Permanent wilting point

d. Chlorophyll and nucleic acids

Nitrogen (N) is used by the plant as a component of:
a. Chlorophyll and phospholipids
b. ATP and phospholipids
c. Middle lamella and membranes
d. Chlorophyll and nucleic acids
e. Middle lamella and nucleic acids

a. O

Layer of partially decomposed organic matter
a. O
b. D
c. B
d. C
e. A

d. C

The layer that contains unweathered to slightly weathered material
a. O
b. D
c. B
d. C
e. A

c. B

Plant nutrients, silts, clays and other materials from the upper layer are leached into and accumulate in this layer
a. O
b. D
c. B
d. C
e. A

e. A

Zone of greatest biological activity
a. O
b. D
c. B
d. C
e. A

e. Permanent wilting point

Plants cannot take up any water from the soil
a. Field capacity
b. Saturation
c. Gravitational water
d. Capillary water
e. Permanent wilting point

a. Field capacity

A soil saturated with water
a. Field capacity
b. Saturation
c. Gravitational water
d. Capillary water
e. Permanent wilting point

a. Clay

Grainsize associated with high water holding capacity
a. Clay
b. Sand
c. Silt

b. Sand

Grainsize associated with low water holding capacity
a. Clay
b. Sand
c. Silt

c. Silt

Grainsize associated with medium water holding capacity
a. Clay
b. Sand
c. Silt