JED Exam 1 Review

Your friend is applying to medical school, and unbelievable as it may sound, has the option to be interviewed on a rainy day or a sunny day. Which day would you advise her to choose, and why?

A sunny day because of the stats and imterviewer score better

Why should you be aware of music playing in the background while you are shopping?

Wine experiment and music can influence what you purchase

How fair are NBA referees?

Not fair towards black athletes if white and vice versa. So not fair

The author of *Everyday Bias*, Howard J. Ross, encountered a “Santa Claus with an attitude” on one of his business trips. What mistake did Ross make and why was he sorry about it?

He stereotyped him and missed a lot of information that the “santa” had in the field of brain things

Explain bias as a “danger detector.”

It is an evolutionary ability to detect danger. Makes us make assumptions on people quickly, mostly unconscious

Explain “in-group/out-group bias.”

The in group has more power, decides what is acceptable, and looks down on other groups

What is the relationship between “qualifications” and “bias?”

Qualifications are unwritten rules we have agreed upon and bias is used when we can’t see outstanding characteristics

Who creates the standard and acceptable norms for the group or society?

The dominant group or in group

How might a positive bias be harmful?

It can create unrealistic standards or make someone feel like you are overbearing if you over-help and overestimate the help they need

What difference would it make to sit to the right of a person who is interviewing you for a job?

It might help the interviewer perceive you better

When voters are misinformed, what impact does factual information have on their point of view?

political bias distorts our ability to be logical

What hurdle do intelligent people face when it comes to overcoming bias, according to the author?

they tend to think they have no bias and are immune to it

What is perceptual organization?

The ability of the mind to organize around a common unifying idea

Explain how survival relates to a feeling of “us versus them.”

Knowing whether they are one of us keeps us safe. We are likely to be more positively disposed toward people who we feel safer around and more negatively disposed to those we don’t

How does Harold Ross relate the feeling of “us versus them” to xenophobia?

When we tend to recognize the us versus them complex we are more likely to participate in xenophobia. This can also be linked to the anti-immigrant feelings that people have.

How does Ross define xenophobia?

Xenophobia- a fear of “the other”

What is “theory of the mind?”

The ability to attribute beliefs, intentions, wants, and knowledge to others and to understand when others have beliefs that are the same or different from our own

How is “theory of the mind” different from empathy? Be able to discuss the meaning and significance of empathy as Ross describes it.

Theory of the mind seems to be a function of the brains temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex

Empathy relies on the sensorimotor cortices and the limbic system

Most people have capacity for the theory of mind and women have a stronger capacity for it than men

Our brains are also able to be selective in empathy depending on the us versus them

Define homophily and be able to describe it in relation to “us versus them,” xenophobia, and empathy.

Homophily is the tendency to be drawn to those whom we identify with the most

What is the primacy of “belongingness?”

If we don’t feel like we belong (social exclusion triggers) we associate it with physical pain

In Ross’s view, what makes stereotyping so powerful?

Stereotyping is so powerful because it is linked to memories and triggers that can be extremely strong.

Explain how “projection,” as Ross describes, might get in the way of crossing fault lines

Projection occurs when we project the impulse or thoughts that we have about ourselves onto others.

Because of the physical impulses produced and encouraged by the amygdala, the physical reactions take place over any conscious effort we may want to make

What link does Howard Ross make between the television shows of his youth and how people of his generation might view women’s roles in the workplace?

Because of shows depicting woman in the workplace, we might associate women with those things.

“Where’s the coffee?” question directed at a woman because of those assumptions

Define selective attention/inattention blindness

A mental process through which we selectively see some things but not others depending upon our point of focus or what we happen to be focusing on at a particular time

Define diagnosis bias and

the propensity to label people, ideas, or things based on our initial opinions

be able to explain the validity of “gut decisions.”

The validity of trusting your gut is actually much smaller and less reliable than we think

Define “priming”

the implicit tendency to respond to something based on expectations created by a previous experience or association

how the media may serve as a priming agent

Watch golf on TV, want to go play golf yourself

Define “value attribution”

The inclination to imbue a person or thing with certain qualities based on initial perceived value

be able to explain the *Washington Post* experiment with Joshua Bell

When Joshua Bell (a renowned violinist) played on a street corner, no one listened because he was on a street corner and not dressed well. People pay hundreds of dollars to hear him play across the world.

Define “anchoring.”

The tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decisions

Define “stereotype threat”

The experience of anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group

Bias (complete definition)

An inflexible positive or negative prejudgement about the nature, character, and abilities of an individual

Based on a generalized idea about the group to which the person belongs

Synonyms for bias

Fixed, positive or negative, pre-judgement, generalized

Stereotype

Belief preservation (confirmation bias, “the bias virus”)

“Diversity Wins” Understand how ethnic and gender diversity in top management contribute to corporate profitability, according to McKinsey’s research.

More diverse businesses earn more revenue than non diverse businesses

“An Overlooked Dream, Now Remembered,” Robert G. Kaiser, *Washington Post*, August 23, 2013. Be able to explain what dream was overlooked, why, and what concept(s) learned in this course might help explain this faulty coverage.

MLK’s most famous speech was not correctly reported on because of bias, lack of media representation, and preconceived notions of the event

Explain the relationship between diversity and ethical decision-making (SPJ Code of Ethics)

Diverse stories need to be told and diverse sources heard from

Social Inequality

Media representation from lecture slides

Not reality, things are left out, created by people in power

Social construction of reality

Issues surrounding “knowable reality”

Social Significance of Star Trek

The “norm”

White groups as the standard and other cultures related to it

Stereotype

Race as a construct

Entman’s Study

Traditional Racism

Modern Racism

Stereotype threat

People may unconsciously come to believe a bias about themselves and act accordingly

What is stereotype threat also known as?

Internalized bias or internalized oppression

Inclusion

Do media producers include others?

Roles

When media producers include others, how are they portrayed?

Control

Do others have any control over the creative content?

What is perceptual organization?

the ability of the mind to organize around a common unifying idea

the brain is designed arouns ideas, concepts, or variables that we’ve learned are important or that we recognize

Entman’s study and the difference between traditional and modern racism

traditional overt and moderns less overt

Difference in media treatment of Whites and Blacks in Hurricane Katrina coverage

whites as hero’s and blacks as victims

Explain who historically has controlled the media

white affluent men

What is the African American culture of resistance?

Explain the significance of *Freedom’s Journal*

First black newspaper

Two strategies for creating change in journalism – pros and cons of each

Correct from inside and correct from outside, money and audience

CHECK AGAIN

Disparities in coverage of men’s and women’s sports

Women sports coverage on their relationships, less about their ability

Sexualization of women athletes

During athletic competition and online coverage women were portrayed and talked about as sexual

Women referred to one way, men another

Women as wives and girlfriends and men more indifferently espeically in athletics

Class

Economic status that often comes with other characteristics

Understand the profit-motive and how it conflicts with class representation

Certain things are seen as NOT profitable

Difference between the class of most Americans and the class most portrayed on TV

Mostly depicted upper class individuals

Significance of Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner and relevance to today

Interracial marriage depiction when it was illegal and taboo

Explain what Court’s ruling changed (at least legally) in the *Loving vs Virginia* case

It struck down state laws that were trying to BAN interracial marriage

What are fault lines?

Characteristics that influence journalists, news consumers, and audiences understand media messages

What are some examples of fault lines

Race, Class, Geography, Gender, Generation

Why do reporters need fault lines?

To produce better media and be aware of the real physical divides in our mind and country

Who is Robert C Maynard

The first black national correspondent for the Wash Post and the first black editor and publisher of a major US metro newspaper (Oakland Tribune, San Fran)

What is the difference between fault lines and social fissures

What is the relevance of guess whos coming to dinner movie to today?

We still have issues of representation and the issue of racism is still apparent

What are the main points of Sidney Pointier’s representation?

He was one of (if not the only) black lead actor

What are the “issues” of Sidney Pointier’s as an actor in his time?

He had to be “perfect” because he was the person in the room and be better than a white man

What is the black-white race binary?

It assumes there are only two genders that matter, white and black. This ignores other groups in research and other aspects of life

What is the Melting pot?

Everything id mixed into a new blend with individual characteristics less apparent

What is the mosaic?

Canada says individuals retain distinctive characteristics while blending

What is the salad bowl?

US version of Canada: have individual characteristics while blended

What is the tomato soup theory?

The blending of new ingredients adds spice without compromising the essential character of tomato

Who is Samuel Huntington and what is in his view the country’s greatest threat?

Mexican and Latinos are threats because of their own language, geographically threatening, and refuse to assimilate

Why were Germans vilified in WW1?

Everything German was vilified and renamed because of the WW1 war. They were all assumed to be bad people

What social change happened in the 1830s in terms of sexual harassment?

What are the origins of sexual harassment in the 19th and 20th century?

What is the cult of true womanhood?

What is the impact of the typewriter?

What patterns did the typewriter establish on working women?

What practice did the US Supreme Court strike down with respect to advertising in 1973?

What ideas about office work did sex-segregated job ads perpetuate?

What is biological sex?

Physical anatomy and is SEPARATE from gender

What is gender identity?

Psychological sense of self as a man, woman, (or nonbinary)

What is gender expression?

Dressing to communicate their sense of self to others

What is sexual orientation?

Distinct from gender expression because it relates to an individuals sexual response

Examples from chapter 5 about the lack of women’s voices in the media?

What is the main point of gender and political coverage?

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What is gender disparity in the newsroom and womens’ place in the newsroom?

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What is hegemonic masculinity?