History midterm prep (copy)

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? What were the key factors?

began 18th century, ready supply of money for machines and factories, abundance of natural resources (coal and iron ore), rivers for water power and transportation

What sparked the transition from cottage industries to factories?

more efficient to bring workers to the new machines and have them work in factories, new streams and rivers, which were used to power many of these early machines

Why were coal and iron so critical to the Industrial Revolution?

machines depended on coal for fuel, iron was used to make machines and trains

What was the social impact of industrialization in Europe?

middle and working classes emerged, middle class were the factory owners

industrial capitalism

an economic system based on industrial production

capital

money available for investment

entrepreneur

a person who finds new business opportunities and new ways to make profits

cottage industry

a method of production in which tasks are done by individuals in their rural homes

socialism

a system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production

What role did the French Social Structure play in the lead-up to the French Revolution?

The First and Second Estates didn’t have to pay the taille (France’s chief tax), but the Third Estate did

What role did Enlightenment Ideas play in the lead-up to the French Revolution?

introduced ideas of questioning authority and religion and comparing people’s needs with the Republic’s needs

What role did Economic Issues play in the lead-up to the French Revolution?

food shortages, delays in manufacturing, unemployment, and rising prices for food

Why did the Third Estate declare itself the National Assembly, and what did deputies hope to achieve?

Only Third Estate had to pay taxes, wanted to achieve equality and make sure that the First and Second Estates would have to pay taxes too

What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and why was it significant?

proclaimed that all men were free and equal before the law, that appointment to public office should be based on talent, and that no group should be exempt from taxation, Freedom of speech and of the press were affirmed, people agreed that women should be included

estate

one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (First Estate), the nobles (Second Estate), and the townspeople (Third Estate)

bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Tennis Court Oath

an oath that the Third Estate took at an indoor tennis court swearing that they would continue their meeting until they had a new constitution

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

said that bishops and priests were to be elected by the people, not appointed by the pope and the Church; it also said that the state would pay the salaries of the bishops and priests

The Great Fear

Peasant rebellions about hatred of the entire landholding system, with its fees and obligations

Storming of the Bastille

Louis XVI used force against the Third Estate, and on July 14th, 1789, about 900 Parisians gathered and demolished this building

Five Pillars of Islam

Belief - Muslims only believe in the one God (Allah), and that Muhammad is his messenger.
Prayer - They have to perform five prescribed prayers each day.
Charity - They have to give part of their wealth to charity.
Fasting - During Ramadan, Muslims must not eat or drink from dawn to sunset.
Pilgrimage - Muslims are expected to make a pilgrimage to Makkah at least once in their lifetime.

Hajj

a pilgrimage to Makkah, one of the requirements of the Five Pillars of Islam

Hijrah

the journey of Muhammad and his followers to Madinah in 622, which became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam

Islam

monotheistic religion that emerged in the Arabian Peninsula during the seventh century

quran

the holy scriptures of the religion of Islam

kaaba

Located in Makkah, the holiest shrine of the Islamic faith

allah

Arabic for God, the supreme god of Islam

martyrs

people who suffer or die for their beliefs

parables

short stories that taught simple moral lessons

messiah

one anointed by God

Gospels

the teaching or revelation of Christ

torah

the sacred book where their early history and the moral and religious laws of God are recorded

monotheistic

belief in only one God

diaspora

The scattering of Jews throughout the world

covenant

an agreement

What were the main religious beliefs of the ancient Hebrews?

The Ten Commandments (religious and ethical laws), although slavery was accepted everywhere at the time, the Torah told the Hebrews to treat slaves with kindness

How did Judaism influence Christianity?

Jesus, the leader of Christianity, was born in Palestine and studied with Jewish scholars and teachers. Christianity grew out of Jewish traditions.

What ideas did Jesus emphasize?

believing in one God and upholding the Ten Commandment of the Hebrews, taught that everyone was equal, said that people who were humble, merciful, and unselfish would be rewarded with eternal life

Why did Christianity gain so many followers?

suddenly grew once people were being persecuted. Everyone in the Roman Empire was converted when the Roman empire converted.

what attracted people to Christianity?

offered hope of salvation and eternal life for both rich and poor people

Describe life for Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula in the years before Muhammad

quite different in the years before Muhammad. Religions that were accepted included Iranian, Christian, and Jewish

why was 622 CE so significant in the history of Islam?

Muhammad and his 30 followers left Makkah and went to Madinah, journey is known as the Hijrah and became year 1 of the official calendar of Islam

why was 630 CE so significant in the history of Islam?

Muhammad returned to Makkah with 100,00 men, Makkah quickly surrendered and most people converted to Islam

What are the key tenets of Islam and how do they shape the daily lives of Muslims?

expected to follow Five Pillars of Islam, practice honesty, and justice in dealing with others, forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcoholic beverages, or engage in dishonest behavior, family life is based on marriage.

social contract

entire society agrees to be governed by its general will, all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community

deism

an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

separation of powers

a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances

philosophe

French for “philosopher”; applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and had advanced the strongest statement for the rights of women, declared that women should have equal rights in education, economic, and political life

Baron de Montesquieu

French Noble, wrote The Spirit of Laws in 1748, stated that England’s government had three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial

inductive reasoning

making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principals

scientific method

a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

heliocentric

sun-centered

geocentric

earth-centered

what is Copernicus' view of the universe?

said that universe was heliocentric, correct one

what is the Ptolemaic system?

said that universe was geocentric, wrong one

What were Kepler's key contributions to the Scientific Revolution?

proved that the sun was at the center of the universe, showed that the orbits of the planets around the sun were elliptical, with the sun toward the end of the ellipse instead of at the center

What were Galileo's key discoveries?

proved that the “orbs of light” from the Ptolemaic system were actually composed of pure substance, there were moons revolving around Jupiter, sunspots, and mountains on Earth’s moon

how did the church respond to Galileo's discoveries?

didn't believe him because the bible doesn't say anything like that

Why is Isaac Newton considered the “greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution”?

defined three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies and help explain all the motion in the universe

Harvey

showed that the heart was the beginning point for the circulation of blood by dissecting human bodies, proved that the same blood flows through the veins and arteries and makes a complete circuit

Committee of Public Safety/Robespierre

led by the radical... For about a year, took control of the government; they tried to protect France from domestic threats and adopted certain policies that became known as the Reign of Terror.

What was the Directory and why did it only last from 1795-1799?

mainly known for corruption, overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate.

How did the National Convention try to de-Christianize France and how did the French people respond?

priests were encouraged to marry, the word “saint” was removed from street signs, churches were looted and closed by revolutionary armies, efforts didn't work at all

What was the Reign of Terror and what impact did it have on France?

revolutionary courts were set up to prosecute traitors. Almost 40,000 people were killed, Revolutionary armies were set up to bring rebellious cities under the control of the Convention

What radical steps did the National Convention take and how did European nations respond?

wanted to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic in its place, Mountain club convinced the Convention to pass a decree that condemned Louis XVI to death, in 1793: it seemed like the revolution would be destroyed; the old regime would be reestablished.

The Dharma

divine law

nirvana

ultimate salvation, when one’s soul passes through the reincarnation cycle of human suffering

the eightfold path

1. Right view
2. Right intention
3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right livelihood
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right concentration

the middle way

a path of moderation to enlightenment (not as extreme as the method the buddha tried for six years)

four noble truths

life is full of suffering
suffering is caused by our desires
the way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals/see others as extensions of ourselves.
the way to end desire is to follow the middle path

bodhisattva

buddhas (people who have reached enlightenment) and choose to delay it so they can help humanity

Why has the Dalai Lama chosen to delay ultimate nirvana?

to help other human beings get closer to nirvana

What did the Buddha come to realize about the meaning of life?

one can only be enlightened through meditation

What were some specific teachings of Siddhartha Gautama that rejected several key Hindu beliefs?

no gods, no castes, women can be monks

Why did Siddhartha Gautama leave a life of luxury and how did he attempt to find a way to eliminate human suffering?

he went out into the city multiple times and each time he was shocked by old age, poverty, and sickness

Mohandas Gandhi

Born in 1869, in Gujrat, studied in London and became a lawyer. Became active in the independence movement and created one based on nonviolent resistance, aim of this was to force the British to improve the lot of the poor and grant independence to India. This actually led to Indian independence

Muslim League

Established in 1906, Muslim politicians had goal of securing Muslim interests on the Indian subcontinent

Indian National Congress

Created in 1885, a small group of Indians that called for a share in the governing process; had difficulties because of religious differences

viceroy

a government who ruled as a representative of a monarch

sepoy

an Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to protect the company’s interests in the region

benefits of British rule on India

Brought order and stability to a society badly divided into many states with different, sometimes opposing, political systems
Led to a fairly honest, efficient government

bad parts of British rule on India

Indians got hired by British go build roads, canals, universities, and medical centers
British entrepreneurs and a small number of Indians reaped financial benefits from British rule, but it brought hardship to millions of others in both the cities and the countryside
British manufactured goods destroyed local industries
British zamindars to collect taxes, but zamindars took advantage of this authority, and the less fortunate peasants lost their land
The British encouraged farmers to switch from growing food to growing cotton. This meant more people died from starvation because there wasn’t enough food supply
Led to rise of Indian nationalist movement

What were the causes of the Sepoy Rebellion (1857)?

Some sepoys refused to load their guns because of a rumor that the troops’ new rifle cartridges were greased with cow and pig fat, so the British charged them with mutiny, enraged the sepoy troops; they went on a rampage

What were the effects of the Sepoy Rebellion (1857)?

The British parliament transferred the powers of the East India Company directly to the British government
In 1876, Britain’s Queen Victoria took the title of Empress of India, making the people of India her colonial subjects

Consider Napoleon's domestic and foreign policies: In what ways did he preserve the ideals of the French Revolution?

The Civil Code preserved many of the ideals that the revolutionaries fought for, but step backward for women and children,

Consider Napoleon's domestic and foreign policies: In what ways did he not preserve the ideals of the French Revolution?

shut down 60 of France’s 73 newspapers and he banned books, insisted that all manuscripts were scrutinized by the government before being published; even mail was checked by the government.

What were the two major reasons behind the collapse of Napoleon's empire?

Britain’s ability to resist Napoleon and the rise of nationalism

how did Britain's ability to resist Napoleon weaken his hold on Europe?

Allied states resented the fact that they were told that they couldn’t trade with the British, but the Middle East and Latin America gave new outlets to Britain for its goods, therefore they were never weakened economically.

how did the rise of nationalism weaken Napoleon's hold on Europe?

unintentionally uniting citizens of states from all over Europe in their hatred of the invaders, letting people see power and strength of national feeling, the united citizens and nation turned against him

How did Napoleon's disaster in Russia affect both his Grand Army and the French nation?

left with less than 40,000 of the original 600,000 soldiers from the Grand Army, let other European states attack weak army, Paris captured in March of 1814, was exiled, the monarchy was restored to Louis XVIII, the brother of the executed King Louis XVI

What motivated European nations in their attempts to exert control over West Africa and North Africa?

wanted control over West Africa and North Africa because of their interest in trade and protecting their trade routes, could export and exploit African resources

What impact did King Leopold II of Belgium have on the European scramble to colonize Africa?

February 5, 1885, the King established the Congo Free State by brutally seizing the African landmass as his personal possession, rather than control the Congo as a colony, King privately owned the region

What role did Cecil Rhodes play in British imperialism in South Africa?

ultimate imperialist, in 1890, he became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, introduced various Acts of Parliament to push black people from their lands and make way for industrial development

Why did European imperialism spark African nationalism?

noticed disparities between the democratic ideals of European countries and reality

Who led these African nationalism movements?

Western-educated Africans

David Livingstone

Famous explorer who basically made map of Africa

Henry Stanley

Explorer sent to look for Livingstone when he disappeared, kept his legacy alive even though he hated Africa

Berlin Conference (1884-85)

Meeting to see who would get East Africa

Boers/Great Trek

Descendants of Dutch settlers, moved out of British colony to start their own republic