BTNY 110 Exam 1

NOT MINE - Credit: Brigid Simek

In the vascular system of Dicot plants, the \_______ is located towards the outside of the stem and the \________ is located towards the inside.

phloem/xylem

a seed functions as a (Source/Sink) of carbon for a germinating seedling.

source

Xylem cells:
-die at maturity
-have thin unlignified cell walls
-are comprised of sieve elements
-are supported by a companion cell

die at maturity

which of the follow describes apoplastic movement of water and nutrients through the root and into the vascular system?
-by active transport through the casparian strip and into the xylem
-through the cells of the epidermis, cortex and endodermis into the xylem
-between the cells of the epidermis and cortex and around the endodermis into the xylem
-between the cells of the epidermis and cortex and through the endodermis into the xylem

between the cells of the epidermis and cortex and through the endodermis into the xylem

Mosses and liverworts have a vascular system. (True or False)

false

Most of the water that keeps a leaf from wilting is present in the \________?

vacuole

The cell membrane is composed of cellulose and pectin? (True or False)

false

Root nodules form on soybean roots in response to infection by:
-cyanobacteria
-nitrogen-fixing bacteria
-mushrooms
-filamentous fungi

nitrogen-fixing bacteria

The region of the stem between where leaves are attached is know as the \__________.

internode

Which cell type is commonly found in dermal tissue?
-tracheid
-companion cells
-guard cells
-sieve tube member

guard cells

In the cross section of a tree trunk, the wood is mainly composed of xylem. (True or False)

true

In woody plants, the annual rings visible in the stem/trunk are due to secondary phloem being retained each year. (True or False)

false

The cuticle is a multilayered structure secreted by the epidermal cells of leaves and stems. (True or False)

true

Sucrose is a disaccharide. (True or False)

true

Which of the following is a polysaccharide?
-Glucose
-Sucrose
-Fatty Acids
-Starch

starch

Most of the sugar transported around the plant is in the form of \_________________.

sucrose

The machinery needed for cell division is assembled during the \_____ of the cell cycle.

G2

Mitotic cell division in plants most commonly observed in \____________?
-Vascular tissue
-Reproductive tissue
-Meristems

meristems

Root growth occurs \_____________?
-Along the entire length of the root
-At the junction between the root and the shoot
-At the apex or tip of the root

at the apex or tip of the root

In woody plants, the vascular cambium gives rise to a new layer of xylem every year. (True or False)

true

Phospholipids in the cell membrane have \_____________ heads and \_____________ tails.

hydrophilic/hydrophobic

Translation refers to the process of synthesizing \______________ from \______________.

proteins from amino acids

All of the following are transported in the phloem except:
-RNA
-Hormones
-Amino Acids
-Sugars
-Mineral Nutrients

mineral nutrients

What type of leaf pattern is shown in the image?

whorled

What type of leaf pattern is shown in the image?

alternate

What type of leaf pattern is shown in the image?

opposite

what is \#1 on the diagram?

petal

what is \#2 on the diagram?

anther (part of stamen)

what is \#3 on the diagram?

ovary (part of pistil)

what is \#4 on the diagram?

style (part of pistil)

what is \#5 on the diagram?

stigma (part of pistil)

what is \#6 on the diagram?

sepal

what is \#7 on the diagram?

filament (part of stamen)

what is \#8 on the diagram?

ovule (part of pistil)

Review parts of the plant cell diagram (type "done" to complete the question)

done

Protons have what charge?

positive

Electrons have what charge?

negative

Neutrons have what charge?

neutral or no charge

covalent bonds \________ electrons.

share

ionic bonds \__________ or \_________ electrons.

gain or lose

What are the four macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

purpose of carbohydrates (basic unit: Sugars)

provides energy and structural support

purpose of Lipids/Fats (basic unit: fatty acids)

provides energy and structure, cushions the body and prevents heat loss.

types of nucleic acid (Basic unit: nucleotides)

DNA and RNA

purpose of proteins (basic unit: amino acids)

provides energy and structure, repairs tissue

purpose of enzymes

speed up chemical reactions

what are secondary metabolites?

chemicals or biochemicals in plants that carry out specialized functions

What are prokaryotes?

bacteria and archaebacteria

What are eukaryotes?

cells with a nucleus

what is another term for the cell membrane?

plasmalemma

what makes the cell membrane?

phospholipid bilayer and proteins

Define concentration gradient

unequal distribution particles (solutes) in a solution

diffusion

the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Osmosis

the diffusion of water

passive transport

Requires no energy, diffusion

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

is the cell membrane alive?

yes

the plant cell wall is mostly living. (True or False)

false

purpose of the cell wall

provides structural support and protection

central vacuole carries the largest amount of \__________ in the cell.

water

turgor pressure

The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

what are the three types of plant tissue?

dermal, ground, vascular

stomata facilitate the exchange of \_____________ into and out of the plant.

gases

the \_________ is a waxy outer later that prevents water loss.

cuticle

root hairs penetrate the soil to absorb \____________ and \______________.

water and minerals

\_____________ \__________ give the plant a large surface area for the absorption of water.

root hairs

water is pulled through the plant due to \___________.

osmosis

plants reduce their rate of transpiration by closing the \_____________.

stomata

tissues are derived from \__________.

meristems

meristematic cells \__________ and then \__________ into other tissues.

divide/differentiate

Epidermis

outermost layer of "skin" on a plant

trichomes

Tiny, spikelike projections on some leaves for protection

\__________ cells control the opening and closing of the stomata.

guard

paranchyma cells

most abundant type of plant cell; (cortex) spherical cells with thin, flexible cell walls and a large central vacuole; important for storage and food production

scleranchyma cells

thick walled cells, often lignified to provide structural support

Collenchyma cells

some wall thickening (cellulose) provides support to young stems, petioles and leaf veins

vascular tissue

xylem and phloem

dermal tissue

trichome, guard cells, pavement cells

ground tissue

parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

xylem

moves water and nutrients from the roots to the shoots

phloem

moves sugars (food) from the sources to the sinks

the xylem moves in what direction?

unidirectional

the phloem moves in what direction?

bidirectional

Transpiration is related to what vascular tissue?

xylem

Translocation is related to what vascular tissue?

phloem

what are the parts of a xylem?

vessels, tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma

what are the parts of a phloem?

sieve tube members and companion cells

meristematic cells form plant \___________.

tissue

substances move from source to sink through the process of \___________.

translocation

substances move from roots to shoots through the process of \__________.

transpiration

what are meristematic cells?

Unspecialized cells that are constantly being produced to turn into specialized cells.

tracheids

tapered elongated cells of the xylem

vessel elements

end to end alignment of the xylem

transpiration occurs when the \____________ opens and water \____________ from the leaves.

stomata/ evaporates

adhesion

water molecules attach to the xylem walls

cohesion

water molecules attach to themselves

capilary action

adhesion and cohesion together to move water up the xylem during transpiration

\__________ cells are arranged next to the sieve tubes.

companion

What are examples of sources?

mature leaves and seeds for a germinating seedling

what are examples of sinks?

flowers, roots, storage organs