In the vascular system of Dicot plants, the \_______ is located towards the outside of the stem and the \________ is located towards the inside.
phloem/xylem
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a seed functions as a (Source/Sink) of carbon for a germinating seedling.
source
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Xylem cells: -die at maturity -have thin unlignified cell walls -are comprised of sieve elements -are supported by a companion cell
die at maturity
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which of the follow describes apoplastic movement of water and nutrients through the root and into the vascular system? -by active transport through the casparian strip and into the xylem -through the cells of the epidermis, cortex and endodermis into the xylem -between the cells of the epidermis and cortex and around the endodermis into the xylem -between the cells of the epidermis and cortex and through the endodermis into the xylem
between the cells of the epidermis and cortex and through the endodermis into the xylem
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Mosses and liverworts have a vascular system. (True or False)
false
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Most of the water that keeps a leaf from wilting is present in the \________?
vacuole
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The cell membrane is composed of cellulose and pectin? (True or False)
false
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Root nodules form on soybean roots in response to infection by: -cyanobacteria -nitrogen-fixing bacteria -mushrooms -filamentous fungi
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
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The region of the stem between where leaves are attached is know as the \__________.
internode
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Which cell type is commonly found in dermal tissue? -tracheid -companion cells -guard cells -sieve tube member
guard cells
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In the cross section of a tree trunk, the wood is mainly composed of xylem. (True or False)
true
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In woody plants, the annual rings visible in the stem/trunk are due to secondary phloem being retained each year. (True or False)
false
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The cuticle is a multilayered structure secreted by the epidermal cells of leaves and stems. (True or False)
true
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Sucrose is a disaccharide. (True or False)
true
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Which of the following is a polysaccharide? -Glucose -Sucrose -Fatty Acids -Starch
starch
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Most of the sugar transported around the plant is in the form of \_________________.
sucrose
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The machinery needed for cell division is assembled during the \_____ of the cell cycle.
G2
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Mitotic cell division in plants most commonly observed in \____________? -Vascular tissue -Reproductive tissue -Meristems
meristems
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Root growth occurs \_____________? -Along the entire length of the root -At the junction between the root and the shoot -At the apex or tip of the root
at the apex or tip of the root
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In woody plants, the vascular cambium gives rise to a new layer of xylem every year. (True or False)
true
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Phospholipids in the cell membrane have \_____________ heads and \_____________ tails.
hydrophilic/hydrophobic
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Translation refers to the process of synthesizing \______________ from \______________.
proteins from amino acids
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All of the following are transported in the phloem except: -RNA -Hormones -Amino Acids -Sugars -Mineral Nutrients
mineral nutrients
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What type of leaf pattern is shown in the image?
whorled
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What type of leaf pattern is shown in the image?
alternate
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What type of leaf pattern is shown in the image?
opposite
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what is \#1 on the diagram?
petal
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what is \#2 on the diagram?
anther (part of stamen)
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what is \#3 on the diagram?
ovary (part of pistil)
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what is \#4 on the diagram?
style (part of pistil)
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what is \#5 on the diagram?
stigma (part of pistil)
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what is \#6 on the diagram?
sepal
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what is \#7 on the diagram?
filament (part of stamen)
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what is \#8 on the diagram?
ovule (part of pistil)
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Review parts of the plant cell diagram (type "done" to complete the question)
done
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Protons have what charge?
positive
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Electrons have what charge?
negative
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Neutrons have what charge?
neutral or no charge
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covalent bonds \________ electrons.
share
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ionic bonds \__________ or \_________ electrons.
gain or lose
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What are the four macromolecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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purpose of carbohydrates (basic unit: Sugars)
provides energy and structural support
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purpose of Lipids/Fats (basic unit: fatty acids)
provides energy and structure, cushions the body and prevents heat loss.
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types of nucleic acid (Basic unit: nucleotides)
DNA and RNA
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purpose of proteins (basic unit: amino acids)
provides energy and structure, repairs tissue
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purpose of enzymes
speed up chemical reactions
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what are secondary metabolites?
chemicals or biochemicals in plants that carry out specialized functions
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What are prokaryotes?
bacteria and archaebacteria
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What are eukaryotes?
cells with a nucleus
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what is another term for the cell membrane?
plasmalemma
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what makes the cell membrane?
phospholipid bilayer and proteins
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Define concentration gradient
unequal distribution particles (solutes) in a solution
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diffusion
the movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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Osmosis
the diffusion of water
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passive transport
Requires no energy, diffusion
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active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
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is the cell membrane alive?
yes
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the plant cell wall is mostly living. (True or False)
false
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purpose of the cell wall
provides structural support and protection
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central vacuole carries the largest amount of \__________ in the cell.
water
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turgor pressure
The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall
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what are the three types of plant tissue?
dermal, ground, vascular
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stomata facilitate the exchange of \_____________ into and out of the plant.
gases
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the \_________ is a waxy outer later that prevents water loss.
cuticle
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root hairs penetrate the soil to absorb \____________ and \______________.
water and minerals
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\_____________ \__________ give the plant a large surface area for the absorption of water.
root hairs
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water is pulled through the plant due to \___________.
osmosis
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plants reduce their rate of transpiration by closing the \_____________.
stomata
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tissues are derived from \__________.
meristems
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meristematic cells \__________ and then \__________ into other tissues.
divide/differentiate
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Epidermis
outermost layer of "skin" on a plant
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trichomes
Tiny, spikelike projections on some leaves for protection
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\__________ cells control the opening and closing of the stomata.
guard
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paranchyma cells
most abundant type of plant cell; (cortex) spherical cells with thin, flexible cell walls and a large central vacuole; important for storage and food production
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scleranchyma cells
thick walled cells, often lignified to provide structural support
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Collenchyma cells
some wall thickening (cellulose) provides support to young stems, petioles and leaf veins
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vascular tissue
xylem and phloem
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dermal tissue
trichome, guard cells, pavement cells
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ground tissue
parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
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xylem
moves water and nutrients from the roots to the shoots
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phloem
moves sugars (food) from the sources to the sinks
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the xylem moves in what direction?
unidirectional
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the phloem moves in what direction?
bidirectional
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Transpiration is related to what vascular tissue?
xylem
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Translocation is related to what vascular tissue?
phloem
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what are the parts of a xylem?
vessels, tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma
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what are the parts of a phloem?
sieve tube members and companion cells
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meristematic cells form plant \___________.
tissue
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substances move from source to sink through the process of \___________.
translocation
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substances move from roots to shoots through the process of \__________.
transpiration
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what are meristematic cells?
Unspecialized cells that are constantly being produced to turn into specialized cells.
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tracheids
tapered elongated cells of the xylem
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vessel elements
end to end alignment of the xylem
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transpiration occurs when the \____________ opens and water \____________ from the leaves.
stomata/ evaporates
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adhesion
water molecules attach to the xylem walls
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cohesion
water molecules attach to themselves
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capilary action
adhesion and cohesion together to move water up the xylem during transpiration
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\__________ cells are arranged next to the sieve tubes.
companion
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What are examples of sources?
mature leaves and seeds for a germinating seedling
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