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Superpowers

US, Britain, USSR. Disagreements over E. Europe.

Truman Doctrine

Resulted from a civil war in Greece. $100 million in economic/military support for Greece and Turkey. US afraid of communist expansion and announced it would support "Free peoples throughout the world."

Marshall Plan

European recovery program - part of containment policy. Intended to rebuild European stability and prosperity.

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world.

Berlin blockade

Soviets blocked western access to Berlin. Resulted in Berlin airlift.

NATO

Countries in west.

Warsaw Pact

Countries in east.

Korean War

North invaded South, 1950. MacArthur launched surprise attack and headed toward China. China intervened when UN troops approached their border. Uneasy truce, 1953.

"Missile gap"

Belief that the Soviet Union had more nuclear weapons than the United States.

CENTO

Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, GB, US.

SEATO

US, GB, France, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand.

Nikita Khrushchev

Aggressive Soviet leader whose failed gamble of putting missiles in Cuba cost him his job.

Sputnik I

Symbol of Soviet technological prowess.

Berlin Wall

Put up in 1961 after Russians caught US in a lie and shot down a U-2 spy.

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Cuban Missile Crisis.

When US found Soviet missiles aimed at US in Cuba.

Détente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality.

Apartheid

Strict separation of races in Africa.

PLO

Terrorist group, Palestine Liberation Organization.

Yasser Arafat

Palestinian statesman who is chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.

Six-Day War

June 5, 1967. War between Israel and Egypt, Syria, and Jordon where Israel defeated the three, capturing territory from each.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Led by Gandhi.

Mahatma Gandhi

Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Great Leap Forward

Mao's attempt to achieve a classless society and the final stage of Communism.

Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution

Led by red guards; with goals of establishing a society of peasants & workers in which all were equal.

Stalinization

The spread of Stalin's policies. 5 year plans, industrialization, collectivization, one party dictatorships and repression. Dissatisfaction later led to revolts.

Destalinization

The process of discrediting and eliminating the political policies, methods, and personal image of Joseph Stalin.

Hungarian uprising

Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country.

"Prague Spring"

1968 invasion of Czech was the crucial event of the Brezhnev era.

Charles de Gaulle

Leader of Free French General that resigned in 1946 after re-establishing the free, democratic Fourth Republic. Came back to lead the Fifth Republic in 1959.

Konrad Adenauer

The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government.

"Economic miracle"

Resurrection of W. Germany's economy.

Welfare State

Great Britain. A system in which the government takes responsibility for its citizen's social and economic needs.

Christian Democratic parties

Group of middle class looking for limited reforms - military hardliners continued to dominate military.

European Coal and Steel Community

Part of the Schuman Plan, which stated that economic cooperation between France and W. Germany would be key to prosperity.

EEC

Founded for economic reasons, particularly to encourage free trade among member nations. Became driving force behind economic integration in W. Europe.

"Consumer Society"

Increase in real wages and jobs themselves provided for more money in middle class families.

Women's liberation movement

By the late 1960s, women had begun to assert their rights again. In the late 1960s came renewed interest in feminism, or this movement, as it was called.

Simone de Beauvoir

Published The Second Sex, influenced American and European women.

Betty Friedan

United States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921).

"Permissive society"

The first significant crack in the rigid code of manners and morals of the nineteenth century.

Jackson Pollock

Abstract Expressionism

Andy Warhol

Pop art

Samuel Beckett

Waiting for Godot

Jean Paul Sartre

French philosopher and existentialist that continued to believe in the Soviet Union during and after WWII.

Albert Camus

Another lead writer of the Existentialist movement who wrote "The Stranger" and "The myth of Sisyphus."

Pope John XXIII

Italian pope who called Vatican II, which brought the Church into modern times.

Ingmar Bergman

Swedish film director who used heavy symbolism and explored the psychology of the characters (born 1918).

Francois Truffaut

Most popular director of the new wave.

Frederico Fellini

An Italian director who produced films that sharply criticized social and political injustice.

"Peace and Love"

International movement, but mainly in U.S.

ABM Treaty of 1972

Restricted development and deployment of antibalistic missles for US and USSR

Abstract Expressionism

a New York school of painting characterized by freely created abstractions

Albert Camus

French writer who portrayed the human condition as isolated in an absurd world (1913-1960)

Andy Warhol

United States artist who was a leader of the pop art movement (1930-1987)

Boris Yeltsin

President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign.

Brezhnev doctrine

Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need

Chechens

These Muslim people desire a homeland from Russia in the Caucasus Mountain region

Chernobyl

nuclear power plant in Russia that had an explosion in 1986 & released radioactive materials into the air

Collapse of the Berlin Wall

Symbolic end of the Cold War, 1989

Commonwealth of Independent States

an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991

Consciousness raising

the process of achieving greater awareness, as of one's own needs or of a political or social issue

Dayton Peace Accords

1995 peace agreement ending the war over the former Yugoslavia, b/t Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia

Détente

the easing of tensions or strained relations (especially between nations)

EC

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

Environmentalism

the activity of protecting the environemnt from pollution or destruction

Erich Honecker

East German leader against whose regime began the demonstrations that ended in the fall of the Berlin Wall

Ethnic cleansing

the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

Euro

the basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999)

Evil empire

Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.

Existentialism

a philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions

Falklands War

In 1982, when Argentina attempted to take control of the Falkland Islands (one of Britain's few remaining colonial outposts) 300 miles off its coast, the British successfully rebuked the Argentina, Had a great economic cost, and lost 225 lives, but had much popular patriotic support for Thatcher.

Folk culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

Francois Mitterand

French statesman and president of France from 1981 to 1985 (1916-1996)

Glastnost

New policy of openness for USSR

Global village

a term that compares the world to a small village, where fast, modern communication allows news to travel quickly

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Green parties

political organizations throughout Europe that have focused attention on the ecological issues, women's rights, and the need for a greater welfare states

Helmut Kohl

chancellor of east Germany. In favor of unification.

Helsinki Agreements

1975 agreements that all major states agreed upon that recognized the Soviet sphere of influence and the importance human rights

INF Treaty

Reagan and Gorbachev signed this treaty, which provided for the dismantling of all intermediate range nuclear weapons in Russia and all of Europe

IRA

a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland

Jackson Pollack

painter who spontaneously dripped paint on a canvas which was known to be the essence of America

Jacques Chirac

conservative president of France, cut government spending, allowed popular vote on France's future relationship with a united Europe.

Jean Chretien

Lawyer, politician, Prime Minister of Canada 1990-2003.

Jean-Paul Sartre

A French existentialist who said that people just "turned up" and that there was no God to help honest people. Also said "man is condemned to be free" and people had to choose their actions.

John Major

British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943)

John Paul II

the first Pope born in Poland (born in 1920)

Karl Barth

Swiss Protestant theologian (1886-1968)

Karl Rahner

Jesuit theologian; believed we come to know God through the universe; god is absolute mystery ("horizon of our being")

KGB

formerly the predominant security police organization of Soviet Russia

KLA

a group that fought against Serbian attempts to control the region of Kosovo in the 1990s

Konstantin Chernenko

1984; Replaced Adropov; Died in 1985; Predecessor to Gorbachev

Kosovo

a Serbian province in southern Yugoslavia populated predominantly by Albanians

Lech Walesa

Polish labor leader and statesman (born in 1943)

Maastricht Treaty

The treaty, signed in 1992, creating the European Union, the world's largest trading bloc, and moving to adopt a common currency (the Euro).

Margaret Thatcher

British stateswoman

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)