Patho GCU exam 1 review

If you have Melillo, Use this.

idiopathic

No known cause

itrogenic

Related to treatment

Atrophy

Shrinkage of cell --\> disuse

hypertrophy

Increased cell size --\> over use

Hyperplasia

Increased in cell number

Metaplasia

reversible replacement of one cell type with another cell type

Dysplasia

Abnormal changes in size, shape and organization

Example of hypertrophy

Enlarged Left ventricle due to hypertension

Example of atrophy

Weakened muscle tissue

Example of hyperplasia

Enlarged prostate

Example of metaplasia

Smoker's airway (becomes pseudo --\> stratified)
Heart burn (Strat --\> columnar)

Example of dysplasia

Cervical cells and overaccumulate --\> HPV

ionizing radiation

Direct damage to DNA

Non-ionizing radiation

2 steps process to damage DNA

Antioxidants

Stablizies Free radicals

5 types of necrosis

Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
Gangrenous

Coagulative necrosis

Denaturing of proteins from gel --\> firm

Location of cogulative necrosis?

Typically found in kidney and heart

Liquefactive necrosis

Tissue becomes soft walled off from healthy tissue forming cysts

Location of liquefactive necrosis

Typically found in brain and spinal cord

Caseous necrosis

Cheese like look
Usually used to TB
Cells degenerate and debrise is walled off

Location of caseous necrosis

Only found in lungs

Fatty necrosis

Saopnification caused by lipases
No shown symptoms until 70% organs have been damaged

Location of fatty necrosis

Typically found in breasts, pancreases, abdominal (GI)

Gangrenous necrosis

Dry gangrene - Loss of blood supply, no bacterial infection and tissue is dry

What is wet gangrene?

Wet gangrene - Bacterial super-infection and tissue is wet

Location of gangrenous necrosis

On extrememities --\> due to tramua/injury

What is cosotochondritis?

It is inflammation of cartilage connecting from ribs to the sternum

What are the symptoms of costochondritis?

Sharp pain @ at the connection --\> worsened with coughing, deep breathes/physical activity

What are some testing that could be done to check for costochondritis?

Normal EKG and Labs

Whate are the causes of costochondritis?

Physical exertion

What is Angia pectoralis?

Problem with coronary vessels and branches (NO necrosis (no Cardiac proteins))

What are the symptoms of angia pectoralis?

Sudden severe chest pain for 3-5 mins

What are the causes of Angia pectoralis?

Physical exertion

What are some testing to check for Angia pectoralis?

EKG normal, stress test, coronary angiography, cardiac catheterization, CBC \---\> increase in CPR, cholestrol and

Cause of Non-STEMI (Subendocardial MI)

A blood clot (thrombus) forms on a plaque of a blood vessel and can lead to damage to the heart muscle under the lining of the heart. Simple terms put, the thrombus/blood dissintergrates or disspears, in an hour and only damages the heart muscle under the lining of the heart.

What are some testing notes for Non-STEMI (Subendocardial MI)?

EKG shows Depressed ST w/ T inversion and no Q

Cause of STEMI/Transmural MI

A blood clot (thrombus) forms on a plaque of a blood vessel and can lead to damage to all of the heart muscle under being damaged. Simple terms put, the thrombus/blood DOES NOT dissintegrate or disspears, which thus damages all of myocardium from endocardium to epicardium.

What are some testing notes for STEMI (Transmural MI)?

EKG shows elevated S and T

Symptoms of acute mi

Sudden severe, chest pain, clammy skin, pain to Left arm

Test that could be done for acute mi

Blood test shows increase LDH, CK MB, myoglobin for three days.

Lab values pre mi?

Increase LDL, decrease HDL, Increase triglycerides, increase homocystesine.

Lab values during MI

Increase troponin, myoglobin, CK-MB

How long does a STEMI last?

74 hours

how long does a Non-stemi last

Less than 4 hours

what is the treatment for acute mi

Thromboytic therapy --\>> done w/in 3 hours

What are the causes pancreatitis

Alc, drugs, viral infection, gall stones, CBD is clogged

What are the symptoms of pancreatitis

Epigastric pain --\> back pain, fever, increase in WBC, Tachy, hypot

What are the testing for pancreatitis

Negative for murphys
CBC \= increase in WBC
Increase in amylase and lipase

What are the symptoms of cholecystitis?

RUQ\---\> R shoulder, Nausea and vomitting, fear, increase in WBC, rebound tenderness, Abd guarding (just pain)

What are some testing things for cholecystitis

Positive for murphys, CT, negative for amylase, negative for lipase.

What is the cause of appendicitis

Build of of mucus/stool --> Fecalith --> infection--> immune response --> decrease in blood flow --> hypoxide --> ulceration.

What are some testings for Appendicitis

CBC → increase in WBC, CT to locate fecalith.

What is one treatment for Appendicitis

Surgery

What are the causes of peritonitis?

Gunshot or Stab (Usually perforated to Ulcer, pelvis, ==Appendix, Bowel== )/ Abdominal injury

What are the symptoms of peritonitis?

Abdominal pain, Rigid Abdominal, Leukocytosis, Fever, tachy(fast), Rebound tenderness

What are some testings for peritonitis?

CBC (Complete Blood count), BC (Blood culture) → Antibiotic (If infected)

What are causes of Neprolithiasis (kidney stones)?

increases with age, Dehydration, geographical location

What are the symptoms of Nephrolithiasis?

Flank Pain

What are some testings for Nephrolithiasis?

UA (Urinalysis), CT (computed tomography), Blood calcicum levels + PTH (parathyroid) levels, Renal function.

3 types of Nephrolithiasis?

Calcium Stones, Struvite stones, Uric acid stones

Most common Nephrolithiasis?

Calcium stones

What are causes of Ovarian cysts

Hormonal imbalance

\*\*BC (Birth control) lowers the risk due to no ovulation

What are the symptoms of Ovarian cysts

Pelvic fullness and lower abdominal pain

What are the causes of Testicular Tortion?

Tramua, playing a sport with no proper support, exercise

What are the symptoms of Testicular Tortion?

Hardened testicle, one testicle is higher, Unilateral pain, swelling, N/V (Nausea and vomiting)

What are the testings for Testicular Tortion?

Doppler/US (ultrasound) or Doppler ultrasound

What are some treatments for Testicular Tortion?

Manual detorsion or Surgery (if worse)

How long does it for a testicular function to be lost due to Testicular Tortion?

6 hours

What are the causes of Gout?

Increase in uric acid and underexcretion of uric acid by kidneys or inherited.

What are the symptoms of Gout?

Painful joints due to inflammation → if occured in big toe, it’s called Tophi

What are the tesing for Gout?

RF (Rheumatoid factor)

What are the treamtents for Gout?

Decrease food with high purine levels and take anti-

inflammatory drugs/medicine.

What are the causes of Osteoarthritis?

“Wear and tear”, age, overweight, overuse, Less articular cartilage.

What are the symptoms of Osteoarthritis?

Pain most commonly found in: hands, wrist, knees, feet.

and Morning stiffness, Pain increase with use

What are the testings for Osteoarthritis?

Synovial fluid aspiration

What are the treatments for Osteoarthritis?

Rest, pain decreases with rest

What are the causes of Osteoperosis/penia?

Age, malignancy, hormonal → estrogen (post menopause), Hyperparathyroid hormone, chronic renal failure,

What are the symptoms of Osteoperosis/penia?

Compression facture

What are the testings for Osteoperosis/penia?

Bone density scan

What are the treatments for Osteoperosis/penia?

Exercise, Calcium and Vitamin D supplements and hormonal replacements (rare)

What are the causes of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Autoimmunte, Female > Male, Smoking, herediatary.

What are the symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Billaterl inflammed joints and decreased motor function

What are the testings for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Increase in ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), increase in CRP (C-reactive protein), check for RF.

What are the treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

No cure

What are the causes of sciatica?

Nerve compressionn → muscular, intervertebral disk injury, piriformis syndrome (piriformis overworked), tumors

What are the symptoms of sciatica?

Radition of pain down the leg and lower back, numbness and tingling (parasthiasis), loss of bowel/bladder control.

What are the tests for sciatica?

Xray, CT, MRI

What are the causes for Osteomyelitis?

Staph infection or Diabetes mellitus

What are the causes for Osteomyelitis?

Localized to systemic infection, Skin ulceration, bone and joint pain

What are some of the testing for Osteomyelitis?

CBC → Increase in WBC, Increase in C-reactive proteins, puncture wounds and blood cultures

What are some treatments to osteomyelitis?

Antibiotics, Surgical debridiment, amputation.

What are causes of Cellulitis?

Staph or strep, Injury, dermatitis, insect bites,

diabetes mellitus, Edema, Fungal infection, IV drugs.

What are symptoms of Cellulitis?

Lower leg infection

What are the testing for Cellulitis?

Culture

What type of edema is due to trauma around an organ

Localized

Example of Localized edema

Sprained ankle

Pulmonary (Left side of the heart)

What type of edema is from uniform distribution of fluid?

Generalized

Causes of Generalized Edema and How?

CHF (Congestive Heart Failure) → Usually the right side of the heart → Lung disease

How? → Smoking

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Kidney Failure → Albumin + in blood and - in urine

How? → type two Diabetes

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Liver failure → Albumin - in blood and + in urine

Drugs, Alcohol and hepatitis C

what is accumulation of protein fluid in Abdomen called?

Ascites