Final Review CHEM 285 (from practice exam)

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high melting point

inorganic compound

few compounds

inorganic

covalent bonds

organic

soluble in water

inorganic

ionic bonds

inorganic

flammable

organic

low boiling point

organic

soluble in nonpolar solvents

organic

hydrogenation

addition of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated compounds, such as alkenes and alkynes, to form saturated compounds, such as alkanes

phenol is

the alcohol of benzene

why are short-chain alcohols water-soluble?

they can hydrogen bond

oxidation of a primary alcohol

aldehyde

oxidation of a secondary alcohol

ketone

dehydration of 1-propanol

alkene

major product from the dehydration of 2-methylcyclobutanol

1-methylcyclobutene

oxidation of a primary alcohol

aldehyde and carboxylic acid

oxidation of a secondary alcohol

ketone

oxidation of an aldehyde

carboxylic acid

reduction of a ketone

secondary alcohol

reduction of an aldehyde

primary alcohol

benedicts reagent

tests for the presence of reducing sugars-blue solution turns brick-red or yellow when heated with a reducing sugar

in the tollen’s test

an aldehyde is oxidized and Ag+ is reduced

what functional groups are in the open chain form of monosaccharades?

hydroxyl and aldehyde or ketone groups

a disaccharide that is not a reducing sugar

sucrose

a disaccaride that occurs as a breakdown product of amylose

maltose

a carbohydrate that is produced as a storage form of energy in plants

amylopectin

the storage form of energy in humans

glycogen

a carbohydrate that is used for structural purposes by plants

cellulose

a polysaccharide composed of many glucose units linked only by a(1→4) bonds

amylose

a sugar containing both glucose and galactose

lactose

a polysaccharide composed of glucose units joined by a(1→4) and a(1→6) bonds

glycogen

a disaccharide that is a reducing sugar

lactose

a carbohydrate composed of glucose units joined by B(1→4) bonds

cellulose

sugar composed of glucose and fructose

sucrose

table sugar

sucrose

found in milk

lactose

gives glucitol upon reduction

glucose

gives galactose upon hydrolysis

lactose

carboxylic acids are water-soluble due to their

ability to hydrogen bond

saponification

process of splitting a fat into glycerol and fatty acids by reacting it with an alkali, such as sodium hydroxide, resulting in the formation of soap

in a hydrolysis reaction

an ester reacts with H2O

a fatty acid that is unsaturated is usually

from vegetable sources and liquid at room temperature

the reaction of triacylglyceral with a strong base such as NaOH is called

saponification

what is another name for the sodium salts of the fatty acid

soaps

stimulates development of the female sexual characteristics

estrogen

regulates electrolystes and controls water balance by the kidneys

aldosterone

stimulates development of the male sexual characteristics

testosterone

increases the blood glucose level

cortisone

used medically to reduce inflammation and treat asthma

prednisone

type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to the liver for elimination

high-density lipoprotein

type of transport that allows chloride ions to move through the integral proteins in the cell membrane

facilitated transport

piperidine is a heterocyclic amine that

has a ring of six atoms

alkaloids are

physiologically active nitrogen-containing compounds

produced by plants

used in anestheics, antidepressants, and stimulants

habit-forming

painkiller from the poppy

morphineo

obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree and used in treatment of malaria

quinine

stimulant obtained from the leaves of tobacco plants

nicotine

stimulant obtained from coffee beans and tea leaves

caffeine

all amino acids

have ionized structures

myoglobin in muscle

transport

a-keratin in skin

structural

peptidase for protein hydrolysis

enzyme

ferritin in the liver

storage

peptide bonds

primary

B-pleated sheet

secondary

two or more protein subunits

quaternary

a-helix

secondary

disulfide bonds

tertiary and quaternary

collagen formation

ascorbic acid

FAD and FMN

riboflavin

NAD+

niacin

coenzyme A

pantothenic acid

blood clotting

vitamin K

vision

vitamin A

antioxidant

vitamin E

absorption of calcium

vitamin D

the enzymatic reaction occuring at the active site

ES complex → EP complex

the release of product from the enzyme

EP complex → E+P

the first step in the enzyme reaction

E+S→ES complex

the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex

E+S → ES complex

the final step in the enzyme reaction

EP complex → E+P

setting the reaction tube in a beaker of water @ 100C

denatures the enzyme, and no reaction occurs

adding substrate to the reaction vessel

increases the rate of reaction

running the reaction @ 10C

decreases the rate of reaction

adding athanol to the reaction system

denatures the enzyme, and no reaction occurs

adjusting the pH to optimum pH

increases the rate of reaction

an enzyme that binds molecules at a site that is not the active site to increase the rate of enzyme activity

allosteric enzyme

the binding of the end product of a reaction sequence to the first enzyme in the pathway

feedback control

an inactive form of an enzyme that is activated by removing a peptide section

zymogen

the addition or removal of a phosphate group that changes catalytic activity

covalent modification

competive

a molecule that closely resembles the substrate interferes iwth enzymatic activity

inhibition can be reversed by increasing substrate concentration

noncompetitive

alteration affects the overall shape of the enzyme

in cases of methanol poisoning, ethanol is given as an antidote

inhibition is not affected by increased substrate concentration

the double helix in DNA is help together by

hydrogen bonds

producing DNA in the nucleus is called

replication

carries amino acids to the ribosomes

tRNA

determines protein structure in protein systhesis

DNA

major component of the ribosomes

rRNA

contains a triplet called an anticodon loop

tRNA

order of protein synthesis

DNA forms a complementary copy of itself called mRNA

mRNA goes to the ribosomes

tRNA picks up specific amino acids

tRNA assembles the amino acids at the ribosomes

protein is formed and breaks away

ATP

energy storage molecule

converts a hydroxyl group to a CO double bond

NAD+