AP Psych Year Review Units 1-5

knowing my terms lmao

Who is the father of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt

introspection

the process of attempting to directly access ones own internal psychological judgements

Which psychologist is known for structuralism

Edward Titchener

Which psychologist is known for functionalism

William James

Which psychologist is known for classical conditioning

John B Watson

Which psychologist is known for operant conditioning

B.F Skinner

Which psychologist is known for the hierarchy of needs

Abraham Maslow

Which psychologist is known for humanistic psychology

Carl Rogers

“I saw that coming”

hindsight bias

explanation of phenomenon

theory

explanation of theory

hypothesis

precise parameters or qualifications

operational definition

consistancy

reliability

accuracy

validity

in depth study of group or individual

case study

awareness of being observed

hawthorne effect

studied over a long time

longitudinal study

individuals are compared at a single point in time

cross-sectional study

what is meta analysis

data from different independent studies in order to determine certain trends

relations with variables not causation

correlation

belief of relationship when there isn’t one

illusory correlation

thing you manipulate or change

independent variable

what you measure

dependent variable

what are the 4 human research, “musts”

informed consent, safety from harm, confidentiality, debriefing

what is the order for the neural chain

receptor, sensory/afferent, interneurons, motor/efferent, effector

what are the two main parts of the nervous system

central and peripheral

fight or flight response

sympathetic nervous system

rest and digest response

parasympathetic nervous system

homeostasis, not enough charge

resting potential

the minimum stimulus intensity that triggers an action potential

threshold

increasing voltage before action potential

depolarization

neural impulse travels down axon

action potential

gap between two neurons

synapse

natural occurring chemically in brain

neurotransmitter

encourages the next neuron to fire

excitatory

less likely to fire action potential

inhibitory

enhances affect of neurotransmitters

agonist

prevents the effect of neurotransmitter

antagonist

enhances the effect of a neurotransmitter by preventing reuptake

reuptake inhibitor

information from one side of the brain goes to the other

brain lateralization

what type of waves are associated with being awake and alert?

beta waves

what type of waves are associated with being drowsy and relaxed?

alpha waves

what waves are found in the first stage of sleep?

theta waves

what waves are found in the second stage of sleep?

sleep spindles

what waves are found in the third stage of sleep?

delta waves

beta like waves, occur in 90 min sections/cycles

rem sleep

sleep deprivation and how does it affect us?

rem rebound, increase in depression and immune disfunction

sensory receptors receive and represent stimulus energy

sensory

interpreting sensory information and recognizing meaning in objects and events

preception

signal amplifying itself to create result

transduction

information processing guided by higher level mental processes

top down processing

How does top down processing make people vulnerable to illusions?

only focusing on one part of an area or only allowing yourself to see certain areas.

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not the other, formed with experience, assumptions, and expectations

perceptual set

ability to perceive the relative distance of objects in ones visual field

depth perception

depth cues provided by both eyes, blends both visions together

binocular depth cues

difference between two images on left and right

retinal disparity

one item blocks another, obstructing the view

interposition

as we move close, objects appear to move in the opposite direction

motion parallax

the minimum amount of stimulus is able to detect 50% of the time

absolute threshold

the minimal change in stimulation that can be reliably detected 50% of the time

difference threshold

stimulus different by a certain percentage every time

weber’s law

predicts how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus and background noise

signal detection theory

what is the difference between sensory adaptation and habituation?

reduced responsiveness due to repeated stimulus in comparison to diminishing of response due to intermediate stimulus

specialized neurons/cells in the visual cortex, helps understand the whole picture

feature detectors

impairment of ability to perceive and recognize faces

prosopagnosia

what is the order that information is sent to the brain from the eye?

rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve

color perception is controlled by three receptor complex with opposing actions.

opponent process theory

light illusion makes people believe movement or motion, blinking lights

phi phenomenon

series of separate images viewed in close order

stroboscopic movement

pain receptors

nociceptors

only one sensation input, can damper or block pain, non painful sensory

gate control theory

understanding of our body position and moving of body parts, cerebellum

kinesthetic sense

sense of balance, detect motion of the head, semicircular canals

vestibular sense

bodily sensations influence cognitive processes

embodied cognition

a type of learning in which an initial neutral stimulus when paired with a stimulus that makes reflex results in conditioned response

classical conditioning

a stimulus that elicits an automatic response

unconditioned stimulus

original response that occurs naturally and in absence of conditioning

un conditioned response

a stimulus that doesn’t elicit the reflex or automatic response being studied

neutral stimulus

a neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned

conditioned stimulus

the learned or acquired response to a conditioned stimulus until is makes a response that it didn’t before.

conditioned response

why are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned stimulus always the same?

neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus

first stages of learning when a conditioned response is established

acquisition

what was john b watsons contribution to psychology

classically conditioning a child

what was pavlovs contribution to psychology

trained dogs to elicit a certain response in the dog

the frequency of a behavior depends on its consequenses

operant conditioning

who is known as the “father” of operant conditioning

b.f skinner

rewarding successive approximations, closer to the thing that you want=reward it

shaping

adding something that the client likes

positive reinforcement

removing something that the client doesn’t like

negative reinforcement

giving something that the client doesn’t like

positive punishment

removing something that the client likes

negative punishment

inoperant conditioning, the reinforcement of every connect response

continuous reinforcement

any patter of reinforcement in which only some are reinforced

intermittent reinforcement

an arrangement in which reinforcement is given after a specified number of responses, high steady rate of responses

fixed ratio

intermittent reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable or average number of responses, most resistant to extinction

variable ratio

periodic reinforcement in which the first response that occurs after a set interval has elapsed is reinforced.

fixed interval

type of interval, reward is presented for first response after variable period, not dependent on number of response during intervals

variable interval

mental understanding of an environment

cognitive map

learning that occurs in the absence of rein, but is not demonstrated until reinforce is available

latent learning

what is the difference between internal locus of control and external locus of control

able to change things instead of behaving to external responses and perceiving their life outcomes out of control