CHAPTER 29

BIOA02H3

The growth of the root hairs (outgrowths of epidermal cells) is initiated: in the zone of maturation.

a. true

b. false

a. true

Some plants have been shown to require a dual-daylength treatment to flower. For example, some plants are "short-long day" plants, which require short days for floral bud initiation, but those buds will not mature and blossom until they experience long days. During what part of the year would you expect to observe these plants in full blossom?

a. winter

b. fall

c. spring

d. summer

d. summer

In which of the following structures of a vascular plant would you expect to find totipotent cells?

a. mature leaves

b. shoot apical meristem

c. cell elongation zone

d. axillary buds

e. two of the above

e. two of the above

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b. shoot apical meristem

d. axillary buds

Ethylene in the stem and root inhibits cell elongation

a. true

b. false

a. true

root function

a. anchors plant in place

b. absorbs water and minerals

c. store products of photosynthesis

d. all these above

d. all these above

What is found between the pericycle and the phloem?

cork

secondary xylem

phloem rays

parenchyma

A and C

secondary xylem

Plants grow root hairs on the tips of their roots to increase surface area underground, which helps the plant absorb more water and nutrients.

True

False

True

Phytochrome is a photoreceptor for red and far-red light that switches back and forth between two stable forms, active and inactive, depending on its exposure to light.

a. true

b. false

a. true

A plant hormone triggers stomatal closure, stimulates root elongation, and maintains seed dormancy is the

Abscisic acid

a. true

b. false

a. true

A hormone, produced in roots and transported upward in the xylem, that inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds is the Strigolactone

A. True

B. False

A. True

_________ provide information about the presence of specific chemicals and chemical gradients.  \n A. Mechanical receptors  \n B. Photoreceptors  \n C. Chemical receptors 

C. Chemical receptors 

____ ensures that vascular continuity is established from shoot to roots.
A. Gibberellic acid
B. Ethylene
C. Auxin

C. Auxin

________ provide information about physical influences such as wind and gravity.
A. Mechanical receptors
B. Photoreceptors
C. Chemical receptors

A. Mechanical receptors

_________ provide information about the availability of light needed to drive photosynthesis.
A. Mechanical receptors
B. Photoreceptors
C. Chemical receptors

B. Photoreceptors

______ are single-celled xylem conduits that have thick lignified cell walls and are nonliving and empty at maturity.  \n A. Fibers  \n B. Tracheids  \n C. Vessels 

B. Tracheids 

Grass plants have evolved a growth form that protects _____ by keeping them close to ground level.

stems

meristems

leaves

flowers

meristems

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

a. primary phloem

b. primary xylem

c. secondary phloem

d. secondary xylem

d. secondary xylem

In what way are the rings of xylem and phloem organized within woody plants?

a. the newer layers of xylem are farthest away from the vascular cambium.

b. the newer layers of phloem are farthest away from the vascular cambium.

c. the newer layers of xylem are closest to the vascular cambium.

d. A and B

e. B and C.

a. the newer layers of xylem are farthest away from the vascular cambium.

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\
Note:

As the vascular cambium forms new secondary xylem cells along its inner face, the newly formed cells push the vascular cambium outward, much in the same way that the elongation of newly formed cells pushes the shoot apical meristem upward. The vascular cambium accommodates this outward movement by adding new cells that increase its circumference.

The function of the cork cambium is to produce.

A. Secondary xylem and secondary phloem

B. Cork and secondary cortex

C. Secondary cortex and phloem

D. Cork

B. Cork and secondary cortex

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Note:

Cork and secondary cortex are outer layer that protects stem from herbivory, mechanical damage, desiccation, and fire

Regions of root from base to root tip are:

A. Zone of maturation - Zone of cell division - Zone of cell elongation

B. Zone of maturation - Zone of cell elongation - Zone of cell division

C. Zone of cell division - Zone of cell elongation - Zone of maturation

D. Zone of cell elongation - Zone of cell division -Zone of maturation

B. Zone of maturation - Zone of cell elongation- Zone of cell division

Axillary buds
A) are initiated by the cork cambium.
B) have dormant meristematic cells.
C) are composed of a series of internodes lacking nodes.
D) grow immediately into shoot branches.
E) do not form a vascular connection with the primary shoot.

B) have dormant meristematic cells.

Region of meristematic activity where cells divide very rapidly to produce new cells.

Root cap

Elongation zone

Maturation zone

Cell division zon \n Meristematic zone

Meristematic zone

The form of conducting element found almost exclusively in angiosperms is

Sieve cell

Vessel

Tracheid

Sieve tube

Rays

Vessel

The primary walls of the endodermis are impregnated with:

Lignin

Wax

Proteins

Suberin

Wax

Forms from cortex cells that regress to earlier state as meristem cells

Suberin

Lenticels

Cork cambium

Collenchyma

Bark

Suberin

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As cork cells mature, they become coated with suberin, a waxy compound that protects the cells against mechanical damage and the entry of pathogens, while also forming a barrier to water loss

The secondary walls of the endodermis are impregnated with

Lignin

Wax

Proteins

Suberin

Lignin

Layer that is pushed outwards as secondary xylem are formed

Suberin

Root cambium

Cork cambium

Vascular cambium

Bark

Vascular cambium

Layer of actively dividing cells becomes distant from phloem and present between xylem and phloem tissues.

Vascular

Lenticels

Cork cambium

Collenchyma

Bark

Cork cambium

Plants with secondary are often referred to as woody

a. true

b. false

a. true

Which of the following is a part of the structure of roots but NOT shoots?

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epidermis

vascular cambium

pericycle

cortex

two of the above

pericycle

Auxin can freely diffuse into a cell, but can only exist via a PIN channel.

a. true

b. false

a. true

All the xylem throughout a tree (inner and outer layers) participates in water transport.

True

False

False

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In the trunk and older branches of a large tree, only the outer secondary xylem (sapwood) serves in water conduction, while the inner part (heartwood) is composed of dead but structurally strong primary xylem so inner xylem is not part of water transport

Which of the following is a true statement?

a. Flowers may have secondary growth.

b. Secondary growth is a common feature of eudicot leaves.

c. Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

d. Primary growth and secondary growth alternate in the life cycle of a plant.

e. Plants with secondary growth are typically the smallest ones in an ecosystem.

c. Secondary growth is produced by both the vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

endodermis

phloem

cortex

epidermis

pericycle

pericycle

A person working with plants may increase the lateral branches by which of the following?

a. pruning shoot tips

b. deep watering of the roots

c. fertilizing

d. treating the plants with auxins

e. feeding the plants nutrients

a. pruning shoot tips

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily
A) continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root.
B) continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem.
C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.
D) the elongation of root hairs.
E) continuous cell division of root cap cells.

C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem.

Plants contain meristems whose major function is to
A) attract pollinators.
B) absorb ions.
C) photosynthesize.
D) produce more cells.
E) produce flowers.

D) produce more cells.

The shoot elongation in a growing bud is due to

a. cell division at the shoot apical meristem.

b. cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.

c. cell division localized in each internode.

d. cell elongation localized in each internode.

e. cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem.

d. cell elongation localized in each internode.

The dominant type of tissue that makes up most of the wood of a tree is

primary xylem.

secondary xylem.

secondary phloem.

mesophyll cells.

vascular cambium.

secondary xylem.

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exit from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order,

the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark.

the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm.

the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem.

the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium.

the summer wood, bark, and phloem.

the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark.

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was/were the

phloem.

xylem.

cork cambium.

cortex.

companion and sieve-tube members.

xylem.

If a pollen grain lands on a stigma that expresses the same S-gene alleles as the pollen grain itself, what would happen?

a. Pollen would not germinate, or if it did, the tubes would grow slowly and die before reaching the ovules.

b. Pollen would germinate quickly and the pollen tubes would grow rapidly to the ovules

c. Pollen would germinate and the pollen tubes would rapidly reach the ovules, but the sperm nuclei would fail to fuse with the egg cells.

d. Fertilization would occur, but the fruit would abort.

a. Pollen would not germinate, or if it did, the tubes would grow slowly and die before reaching the ovules.

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

cell differentiation.

cell division.

morphogenesis.

cell elongation.

cell elongation.

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the

core.

pericycle.

endodermis.

pith.

endodermis.

About two-thirds of human caloric intake consists of wheat, rice, and corn. What tissues constitute most of the nutritional content of these plant-based foods?

a. fruits and cones

b. seed embryos and ovules

c. endosperm and female gametophytes

d. starch granules and sporopollenin

c. endosperm and female gametophytes

Recall that leaves form in distinct arrangements (whorled, opposite, or alternate) on the stems of vascular plants. How might chemical factors secreted by neighboring structures cause new leaves to form in these patterns?

a. Leaf primordia drain auxin from neighboring cells, with new primordia forming where auxin in the meristem surface is at the highest concentration.

b. Leaf primordia secrete chemical activators that promote the formation of leaves nearby.

c. Mature leaves secrete chemical inhibitors that prevent the formation of leaves nearby.

d. Mature leaves secrete chemical activators that promote the formation of leaves nearby.

a. Leaf primordia drain auxin from neighboring cells, with new primordia forming where auxin in the meristem surface is at the highest concentration.

The germinating pollen grain of gymnosperms and angiosperms is a:

male sporophyte.

male gametophyte.

male gamete.

female gametophyte.

male gametophyte.

What is the germinated pollen tube of angiosperms considered?

sporangium

male sporophyte

male gametophyte

endosperm

pollen sac

male gametophyte

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

secondary xylem

dermal tissue

leaves

all the above

all the above

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

bark.

periderm.

secondary xylem.

secondary phloem.

Cork

secondary xylem.

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral (branch) roots?

Cortex

Pericycle

Phloem

None

Pericycle

The male gametophyte of a gymnosperm is:

spore.

an ovule.

pollen.

a seed.

pollen.

Which cells transport auxin out of immature leaves and eventually become the framework for new xylem and phloem in vascular plants?

procambial cells

axillary bud cells

shoot meristem cells

cortical cells

procambial cells

Chemical produced as a method of mechanical/chemical defense against herbivory

milkweed

dense hairs

congeal

latex

alkaloids

latex

The xylem of angiosperms is composed of ____, allowing these plants to thrive in tropical climates and have high rates of photosynthesis. Gymnosperms are successful in cold climates because their xylem is composed of ___, which reduce the risk of cavitation due to freezing.

a. vessels; tracheids

b. tracheids; vessels

c. cambium; cuticle

d. sporopollenin; leptosporangia

a. vessels; tracheids

A mutant version of Arabidopsis thaliana has been engineered to convert it from a long day plant to a short-day plant. What is responsible for triggering the development of flowers in this plant?

a. Day length decreases back to a critical length, causing an appropriate decrease in Pr : Pfr ratio and increased expression of genes required for flowering.

b. Day length increases to a critical length, causing an appropriate increase in Pfr : Pr ratio and increased expression of genes required for flowering.

c. Day length decreases back to a critical length, causing an appropriate decrease in Pfr : Pr ratio and increased expression of genes required for flowering.

d. Day length increases to a critical length, causing an appropriate increase in Pr : Pfr ratio and increased expression of genes required for flowering.

c. Day length decreases back to a critical length, causing an appropriate decrease in Pfr : Pr ratio and increased expression of genes required for flowering.

Molecule that are volatile and vaporize easily, utilized as a defense mechanism by plants against herbivores

terpenes

phenols

protease inhibitors

latex

alkaloids

terpenes

Molecule that binds to enzymes in herbivore gut and prevents protein digestion, utilized as a defense mechanism by plants against herbivores

terpenes

phenols

protease inhibitors

latex

alkaloids

protease inhibitors

What is the region of root hair?

Elongation zone

Maturation zone

Cell division zone

Maturation zone

where do branch roots form from?

Node

Root

Pericycle

Pericycle

The root cap protects the:

Root tip

Elongation zone

Maturation zone

Cell division zone

Root tip

You examine a cross section of a tree and have determined that it has 5 layers of secondary xylem. How many years has this tree been alive for?

4

5

6

none of the above

5

Epidermal hairs are commonly found on plant roots.

True

False

True

A cross-section of the xylem of a conifer shows which of the following components?

vessel members

tracheids

fibers

all the above

tracheids

Because xylem is dead at maturity, water can only flow downwards (gravity).

True

False

False

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Although xylem are dead cells but this is not the case

The cork cambium produces the protective outer layers of the bark.

a. true

b. false

a. true

Xylem and phloem rays formed by the cork cambium compensate for the ripping of plan tissue during secondary growth.

True

False

False

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Xylem and phloem are formed by the vascular cambium

Sieve tube members are used for transport in phloem tissue.

True

False

True

The primary xylem is in the inner side of the vascular bundle.

True

False

True

Which of the following is(are) used by
flowers to attract pollinators? Select all
that apply.
A. nectar
B. fruit
C. burrs
D. odors

E. Two of the above

E. Two of the above

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A. nectar

D. odors

What was a major challenge that early land plants
faced, and bryophytes still face, in adapting an
ancestral aquatic reproductive cycle to land?
A. Successful fertilization by free-swimming sperm is
rare, because it generally requires continuous water
films connecting male and female gametophytes.
B. Few spores can survive dispersal in air.
C. Plants dependent on surface water may have dried
out and died before completing their life cycles.
D. Gametophytes need environmental water to
undergo meiosis.

A. Successful fertilization by free-swimming sperm is rare, because it generally requires continuous water films connecting male and female gametophytes.

The presence of seeds and pollen set gymnosperms and angiosperms apart from other land plants. Which of the following statements concerning these features is true?

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A.Pollen grains contain the male gametes of gymnosperms and angiosperms and seeds contain the female gametes, called ovules.

B.Sperm and ovule are transported together in a seed so that fertilization can occur when the seed lands on a suitable substrate.

C.Seeds transport the female gametophyte and the plant embryo.

D.Seeds transport unfertilized female gametophytes and male gametes.

C. Seeds transport the female gametophyte and the plant embryo.

Which of these plants have seeds and pollen?  \n   \n A.wheat, ferns, and apple trees  \n B.apple trees, pine trees, and ferns  \n C.wheat, ferns, and mosses  \n D.apple trees, pine trees, and wheat  \n E.wheat, ferns, apple trees, and pine trees 

D.apple trees, pine trees, and wheat 

Gas exchange through the bark occurs through

stomata

pits

lenticles

spiracles

micropyles

lenticles

Primary growth in plants is initiated by the

vascular cambium

lateral meristems

apical meristems

apical meristems

The outermost layer of the stele of a root is the

pericycle

cortex

Casparian strip

endodermis

pericycle

The apical meristem gives rise to all the following except

primary meristem

ground meristem

vascular cambium

vascular cambium

The outward cell division of the root apical meristem produces the

root hairs

root cap

branch roots

xylem

bark

root cap

In which of the following plants does the sporophyte eventually become self-sustaining (i.e., is not dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients)? Select all correct choices. \n \n ferns \n angiosperms \n mosses \n gymnosperms \n hornworts

ferns \n angiosperms

gymnosperms

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Vascular plants are all self-sustaining

New roots develop from the _______.  \n A. pericycle  \n B. Root cap  \n C. root hairs 

A. pericycle 

Plants use day-length cues to prepare for winter, such as increasing the size of roots and other storage organs.

a. True

b. False

a. True

Plants can measure day length due to the presence of Photoreceptors in their tissues. 

a. True

b. False

a. True

Vegetative, asexual reproduction is not possible in woody plants such as trees due to their more complex growth patterns.

a. True

b. False

b. False

The common culinary herb parsley (scientific name Petroselinum) is normally a biennial plant in that it flowers the second summer after planting. What process controls this pattern of flowering?

a. vernalization

b. appmosix

c. vegetative reproduction

a. vernalization

Vernalization can result in the remodeling of chromatin in some species, which means: Plants can know if they have experienced winter .

a. true

b. false

a. true

When auxin enters a cell, what type of charge does it have?  \n A. Positive  \n B. Negative 

C. Neutral

D. No charge

B. Negative 

Auxin is located on the shaded side causing the plant to grow towards the light.  \n A. True

B. False

A. True

Auxin redistribution leads to such a different outcome in roots compared to shoots is that in roots high concentrations of auxin trigger the production of the hormone ______, which reduces cell elongation.  \n A. Cytokins  \n B. Gibberellic acid  \n C. ethylene 

D. Asbasic acid

C. ethylene 

Which of the statements regarding detection of shading in plants is false?

a. Absorption of red light causes a seed to germinate.

b. Absorption of far-red light causes phytochrome to shift from its active state to its inactive state.

c. Absorption of red light causes phytochrome to shift from its inactive state to its active state.

d. Absorption of red light causes phytochrome to shift from its active state to its inactive state.

e. Phytochrome slowly shifts from its active state to an inactive state in the dark.

d. Absorption of red light causes phytochrome to shift from its active state to its inactive state.

The location of the xylem at the core of the root cylinder facilitates:

a. long distance hormonal signaling through the phloem.

b. control of solute uptake into the xylem.

c. water uptake.

d. root branching.

c. water uptake.

Suppose you are testing new biomolecules as potential herbicide candidates. For one of these substances, although it did not kill the plants, you notice that there is almost no branching of the roots. Which answer option might be your best interpretation of this observation?

a. The substance is blocking uptake of water by roots.

b. The substance is blocking production of xylem.

c. The substance is disrupting mitosis in the root apical meristem.

d. The substance is inhibiting the pericycle cells.

d. The substance is inhibiting the pericycle cells.

Growing in length and branching are  Primary Growth

a. true

b. false 

a. true

The region between the epidermis and the vascular bundles is the Cortex

a. true

b. false

a. true

 

The growth of what tissue layer is responsible for most of the increase in diameter during secondary growth?  \n   \n A. pith  \n B. secondary xylem  \n C. secondary phloem  \n D. cork 

B. secondary xylem 

__________ are hormones that stimulate the outgrowth of axillary buds by increasing the rate of cell division.  \n A. Auxin  \n B. Gibberellic Acid  \n C. Cytokinins 

D. Asabric acid

C. Cytokinins 

_______ coats cork cambium cells and protects them from mechanical damage, the entry of pathogens, and water loss.  \n A. Auxin  \n B. Suberin  \n C. Cytokins 

D. Wax

B. Suberin 

The Casparian strip is part of which layer of the root?  \n A. epidermis  \n B. root cortex  \n C. endodermis 

A. epidermis 

Actively dividing cells can be found in  \n A. meristems  \n B. xylem tissue  \n C. epidermal tissue  \n D. center of stems  \n E. phloem tissue 

A. meristems 

Primary tissues are produced by  \n A. secondary meristems  \n B. vasculor cambium  \n C. cork cambium  \n D. xylem  \n E. apical meristems 

E. apical meristems 

Which of the following is a meristematic tissue?  \n A. parenchyma  \n B. Cork cambium  \n C. xylem  \n D. Collenchyma  \n E. Epidermis 

B. Cork cambium