APHUG Unit 4

independence movement

effort by people to create a new sovereign state in a place inside another state

defined boundary

boundaries established by a legal document

delimited boundary

the process of creating borders on a map without any representation of the landscape

demarcated boundary

physical objects like walls, signs, and fences (great wall of china)

land boundary

an invisible line that marks the outer limits of a state’s territory

maritime boundary

the division of the water surface of the planet into the areas defined through surrounding physical geography

international waters

areas of the sea that are not under the jurisdiction of any country

ethnic separatism

a minority ethnic group fights for independence and breaks away from a state

trade agreements

designated group of countries to gave agreed to eliminate tariffs and preferences on most goods and services

military alliances

states form an alliance for national safety and security

ethnic nationalist movement

collective ideas and actions of an ethnic nation designed to promote the identity and rights of ethnicity in cultural, economic, and political spheres

political geography

branch of human geography concerned with the spatial analysis of political systems

political map

shows spatial organization of the countries and territories on entire globe of given point in time

state/country

independent political units with centralized authority that makes claim to sole legal, political, and economical jurisdiction over a region w/ defined boundaries

independent state

primary form by which governance is organized spatially at global scale

soverignty

right to control political and economical affairs within boundaries without external interference

sovereign states

states that possesses the sole authority over the land and people within boundary

nation

community of poeple bound to homeland and possessing a common idenity based on shared cultural traits such as lanuage, ethnicity, religion

nation-state

idea political geographical unit, nation’s geographic boundaries exactly match state’s territorial boundaries

nation-state ideal

political authorities govern in the name of all a country’s citizens, mass communications link residents, state based citizenship rights enforce nationality

nationalism

sense of belonging to and self identifying with national culture

stateless nation

ethnic group or nation that doesnt possess its own state and is not majority population in any state

multinational state

countries contrain multipe national, ethnic, and religious groups within boundaries

multistate nations

ethnic groups territorialy divided by one or more international boundaries

autonomous region

section or territory of a country that has degree of self-gov in decision making

semisutonomous region

some degree of but not complete self government

shatter belt

region destined to shatter, culturally diverse weak states within the group

balkanization

division of place into several political units, unfriendly to another

ethnic clensing

mass ecpulsion or killing og members of unwanted ethnic or religious group in society

irredentism

policy of advocating restoration to country of any territory formally belonging to it

supranationalism

practice of national governments coming together to form institutions and policies

contemporary world map

shows political boundaries of abt 200 countries

self-determination

nations ability to determine its own statehood & form its own allegiances

core area

small territorial nucleus from which country grows in area over time

escapments

abrupt slopes that break up general contunyity of terrain

effective soverignty

idea that state’s power to enforce sovernigty may extend beyond territoru and varries over time from country to country

colonialism

centuries-long process of European counties competing to conquer and control other people’s territories

imperialism

relationship where by wealthy countries dominate poor by controlling economic, political, and cultural systems (wealthy exploits poor for materials)

devolution

movement of power from central gov to regional gov within state

ethnocultual forces

ethnicity, language, religion, acting separately or in combination

ethnonationaalism

support for the political interests of particular ethnic group tjat has strong feeling of belonging to minority nation within state

territorial forces

distance from capital city or wealthier regions strengthens devolutionary tendencies

neocolonialsim

set of economic and political strategies by which wealthy and powerful countries indirectly maintain or extend influence over less wealthy areas

peripheral states

little industrial development, simple production systems focused on agriculture and raw materials, low levers of consumption of manufactured goods

core states

most advanced industrial and military tech, complex manufacturing systems, external political power, highest level of wealth and mass consumption

foreign aid

high-interest loans from core state to peripheral state

resisted neocolonialism

dissolved large states, declined foregin aid, results in rapid development

chokepoint

narrow feature that restricts passage to another region, narrow valley or narrow bodies of water

straits

narrow bodies of water connecting two larger bodies of water, closed or blocked to stop sea traffic

key straits of the world

strait of Hormuz, strait of Malacca, Suez Canal

territoriality

political and cultural strategy used by individuals, groups, or organizations to claim power over an area of land, people, and resources

boundary

clearly demarcated line that identifies both limits of a territory and divisions between territories

demarcated political boundaries

physical objects like walls, signs, and fences (Great wall of china)

stable government

marks internal boundaries clearly

unstable government

suppress visible signs, difficult to cross

median line principle

an apprach to divide and create a boundary at midpoint between two places

borderland

region straddling both sides of international boundary where national cultures overlap and blend to varying degrees (Tex-Mex)

frontier

region at margins of state control, settlement, accompany nation-state territorial borders

enclave

territory surrounded by a country but not ruled by it

exclave

part of national territory separated from a main body of country

political boundaries

dividing lines between political units, separating countries, cities, and towns

country boundaries

separates one country from another

relic boundaries

no longer functions as an international border, leave behind identifiable features in cultural landscape (berlin wall)

superimposed boundaries

places on an area without reguard to exisiting boundaries, ignores cultures already occuoying area

subsequent boundaries

political boundary that developed with cultural landscape, set to divide territories among groups

antecedent boundaries

boundary indentified before area was settled

geometric boundary

regular, perfectly straight, lies down without reguard for area’s physical for cultural traits

consequent boundary

accommodate existing cultural differences, cultural divide (religion or language)

demilitarized zone (DMZ)

area with treaties or agreements between nations or military powers forbid military installations, activities, or personnel, established frontier between nations

berlin conference

Conference that regulated European colonization and trade in Africa

buffer states

independent but politically and economically weak countries lying between the borders of two powers

satellite state

nominally independent country that politically, militarily, and economically controlled by a powerful state

United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

defined territorial boundaries and rights to the sea thru establishment of 4 zones

territorial sea zone

12 miles, fishing rights, innocent passage

contiguous zone

24 miles, can enforce customs, immigration, sanitation laws, pursue vessels out of territorial waters

high seas

open to anyone, rights to fish and resources

exclusive economic zone

a state that has the rile right to exploit, develop, manage, and conserve all water resources in 200 miles beyond land

spratly islands

uninhabited group of hundreds of islands and reefs in south china sea

sea level rise (SLR)

impact coastal states and nations, world temp increases water rises

voting

political activity with strong regional implications, regional appointment of collective vote

electoral geography

subfield of politcal geography that analyzes the geographic character of political preferences & how geography can shape voting outcomes

voting districts

territoral division for casting votes in public elections, citizens cast votes based on residence within district

electoral college

538 electors or delegates, 270 needed to elect president

elector

member of electoral college, nominated by their party commitee & is voted on by state’s residents

US Congress

House of representatives and Senate

\# of electors

=congressional representatives; 1 each member in house + 2 for sentaors

state-level voting

tallying of all the votes in all voting distrcits in each state; drives process of electing president

reapportionment

process which 435 seats in House are divided proportiojalyu by population among 50 states

redistricting

new boundaries for US congressional districts drawn to reflect population changes since previous changes in population

GIS Software

software used to instantly draw and redraw congressional district boundary to achieve desired outcome

gerrymandering

manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor a particular political party, group, or election outcome

packing (gerrymandering)

draws district boundaries so as to concentrate all opposition party into one district creating unnecessariyu large marjority while also ensuring that it cannot win elsewhere

cracking (gerrymandering)

draws boundaries so as to divide opposition votes into many districts, diluting the opposition’s vote, not form a majority in any district

Blue state

Democratic Party, Liberal,

Red State

Republican, Conservative

winner-takes-all system

candidate who receives simple majority of popular vote in state takes all electoral college votes for that state

purple state

mix of blue and red state when map shows color rather than stark contracts

subnational units

states divided into smaller units (united states)

unitary state

power is concentrated in the central government, subnational units have little or no authority (better with smaller countries)

top-down centralized government

all major decisions come from the central gov, policies are applied uniformly throughout the national territory