Anatomy Final (Bulk)

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

\- air in and out of lungs

\- exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) between lungs and blood

What are the 2 subdivisions of the respiratory system

upper and lower

What is the upper respiratory system?

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

What is the lower respiratory system?

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

What is the respiratory system lined with and what are the components?

\- mucosa w one exception

\- ET for most = ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (w/ goblet cells)

\- CT = ALL are lamina propria

What is the nose supported by?

bone and hyaline cartilage

whats anther name for a nostril?

nares

what are the functions of the nasal cavity?

\- airway passage (heat + moisten air)

\- olfaction

\- speech (resonance chamber)

what is the nasal cavity separated by?

nasal septum

what is included on the anterior and posterior divisions of the nasal septum?

anterior = hyaline

posterior = vomer, ethmoid, maxillae, and palatine bones

how many areas does the nasal cavity have and what are they called

three: vestibule, respiratory, and olfactory

where is the vestibule?

anterior region

what is the vestibule area lined with?

skin w coarse hair

where is the respiratory area of the nasal cavity?

posterior region

what is the mucosa of the respiratory region composed of?

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and CT

where are the choncae located in the respiratory area of the nasal cavity

they protrude from the walls (superior, middle, and inferior)

What is the nasal meatus?

groove inferior to each concha

what do the chonchae and meatuses do?

cause air turbulence to knock out dust

where does the lacrimal duct open into?

just below the inferior nasal chonchae (tears into the nasal cavity)

where can you find your sense of smell?

olfactory area

what is the root of the nasal cavity?

olfactory area

What are olfactory receptors?

neurons in the olfactory area

What is a paranasal sinus?

they are 8 air filled spaces in the skull

where can you find the paranasal sinuses?

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones (left and right)

where do the paransal sinuses open into?

the nasal cavity

what is the function of the paranasal sinus?

\- warm and moisten air

\- lighten the skull

how many regions does the pharynx have?

three

What is sinusistis?

inflammation of mucous

What is the pharynx?

throat

Where is the nasopharynx located?

posterior to nasal cavity

what kind of passageway does the nasopharynx have?

air

What does the nasopharynx contain?

\- pharyngeal tonsils

\- openings: 2 posterior nasal apertures and 2 pharyngotympanic tubes

Where is the oropharynx located?

posterior to oral cavity

what kind of passageway is the oropharynx?

air + food

what type of epithelium does the oropharynx have?

stratified squamous

Where does the oropharynx extend from?

soft palate to epiglottis

What does the oropharynx contain?

palatine and lingual tonsils

what kind of passageway does the laryngopharynx have?

air + food

what kind of epithelium does the laryngopharynx have?

stratified squamous

Where does the laryngopharynx extend?

epiglottis to opening of the pharynx

what is the larynx?

voice box

What is the larynx made of?

cartilage

what is the one structure of the larynx NOT made of hyaline?

epiglottis

What are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis

Where is the thyroid cartilage and what does it form?

\- on anterior wall

\- it forms the adams apple

what does the cricoid cartilage form?

a complete ring

what does the epiglottis do and what is it made of?

\- covers glottis when swallowing

\- made of elastic cartilage

what is the name of the paired cartilage?

arytenoid catilage

what does the arytenoid cartilage do?

attaches the vocal cords?

what are the vocal cords?

2 paired folds in the mucosa

describe the vestibular fold

\- false vocal cords

\- superior fold

describe the vocal fold

\- true vocal cords

\- inferior fold

\- produce sounds by vibration

what is the glottis composed of?

true vocal cords + opening

What does the glottis do?

closes to prevent food/liquid from entering the trachea

what laryngitis?

inflammation of larynx that can be caused by infection and irritation

What does the trachea do?

connects the larynx with main bronchi

Where is the trachea located?

anterior to the esophagus

what does the trachea consist of?

20 c-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

what does the rings in the trachea do?

the open section of the c-shape faces the esophagus and permits it to expand

what are the left and right lungs separated by?

mediastinum

How man lobes does the right lung have?

3 - superior, middle, inferior

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2 (superior and inferior)

what does the left lung contain?

cardiac notch where the heart sits

what is the pleura?

serous membrane

what are the parts of the serous membrane?

visceral - surface of lung

parietal - on inner thoracic wall, superior diaphragm and mediastinum

What does the pleural cavity contain?

serous fluid

what are the functions of serous fluid?

\- prevent friction where lungs move

\- holds lungs to thoracic cavity wall

what does the respiratory zone contain?

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

what happens in the respiratory zone?

\- O2 enters blood, CO2 enters air

\- gas exchange mainly occurs in alveoli

how many layers does the respiratory membrane have?

3 - 2 epithelia + fused basement membrane

what is the wall of alveolus composed of?

\- simple membrane

\- 3 cell types: type 1/2 alveolar cells, macrophages

what do type 1 alveolar cells do and what epithelium do they have?

\- gas exchange

\- simple squamous

what does type 2 alveolar cells do and what epithelium do they have?

\- secrete surfactant (allows lung to expand with ease)

\- simple cubodial

Where are macrophages located?

free moving across surface of type 1 alveolar cells

What do macrophages do?

remove dust and debris

What do alveolar pores do?

allow air to pass from one alveolus to another

what are the other two layers of the respiratory membrane aside from the alveolus wall?

\- basement membrane of alveolus and capillary

\- wall of capillary

what epithelium does the wall of the capillary have?

simple squamous - has endothelial cells

what is a pulmonary edema?

accumulation of fluid in the lungs - between cells and within alveoli

What is tuberculosis?

\- thickens the respiratory membrane and the lung tissue is replaced by fibrous CT (scars)

\- decreased lung elasticity and gas exchange areas

What is a pulmonary embolism?

blockage of pulmonary vasculature

\- due to blood clot, arteriosclerosis, air bubbles in vessels, etc.

What is a pneumothorax?

\- entry of air into pleural cavity

\- causes lung to collapse

What is an emphysema?

\- alveolar walls break

\- fewer, larger alveoli

\- lower surface area for gas exchange

\- decreased elasticity and recoil

what do muscles all have in common?

all skeletal

Describe inspiration

\- intake of air

\- diaphragm and external intercostals contract

Describe expiration

\- air moves from atmosphere into the lungs

\- diaphragm and external intercostals RELAX

\- exhaling = passive

Where does Gastrointestinal tract start and end?

Starts at mouth

Ends at Anus

What are the acessory organs of the digestive system?

\- teeth, tongue, salivary glands

\- pancreas

\- liver, gall bladder

describe ingestion

food into the oral cavity

describe digestion

\- breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones

what is mechanical digestion?

physical breakdown and motility

ex) chewing

what is chemical digestion?

enzymes and acid secretions

Describe absorption

end products of digestion enter blood or lymph

What is defacation?

elimination of undigested material

how many layers does the GI tract have? name them

4: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

how many layers does the mucosa have?

three

name the 3 layers of the mucosa and its components

1) epithelium w numerous goblet cells

\- stratified squamous: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal

\- stratified columnar: stomach, small + large intestines, rectum

2) lamina propria = areolar CT- contains blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodules/tissues3) muscularis mucosa- smooth muscle - allows movement of mucosa

What does the submucosa contain?

\- areolar CT

\- blood, lymph vessels, submucosal nerve plexus

what does the muscularis externa contain?

\- smooth muscle

\- inner circular layer

\- outer longitudinal layer

\- myenetric nerve plexus between layers

\- contractions cause motility (mixing + movement)

What does the oral cavity contain?

lips

cheeks

palate

tongue