Human Growth and Development- PSY 203 Midterm

The logic behind adoption studies is that

if adopted children are similar to their adoptive parents on a given characteristic, then the expression of that characteristic is likely to be influenced by environmental factors and not hereditability.

What characteristic belongs most in the cognitive domain of development?

Language acquisition

Genotype is most accurately described as

the genes you inherited.

Which of the following is considered an aspect of psychosocial human development?

emotion

The term age grade refers to a

socially defined age group, with culture-specific assigned roles, privileges, and responsibilities.

Biological evolution is grounded in genetic adaptation, whereas cultural evolution is grounded in ________ adaptation.

social

Which defense mechanism involves removing unacceptable thoughts from consciousness?

Repression

Molly has just entered the stage of formal operational thought. Something she can do now that she could not do before is to

deal effectively with purely hypothetical situations.

Which best exemplifies the concept of neuroplasticity?

The formation of new brain cell connections as the result of reading a book

With regard to twins, monozygotic is to dizygotic as

one egg is to two eggs.

A major criticism of Piaget's theory is that it

underestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.

A key limitation of the experimental method is that it

cannot be used to assess many interesting questions due to ethical reasons.

Epigenetic effects alter the

expression of genes

Which of the following statements best reflects research findings on environment and temperament?

Non-twins have widely diverse dispositions (based on environment - temperament interaction) when raised in happy families.

Which of the following is most likely to be an inherited trait?

having a weight problem at middle age

Environmental impacts include all _____ that influence our development.

external physical and social conditions

The term emerging adulthood refers to individuals from about age

18 to 29.

What is vicarious reinforcement?

When a person's behavior changes based on consequences that happen to an observed model

A parent who falls on the "activity" side of the "activity-passivity" issue is most likely to believe that

children play an important role in shaping their own development.

The basic premise of operant conditioning is that

the consequences that follow a behavior impact the likelihood of the behavior being repeated.

Constructivism proposes that children learn best

by doing.

Which of the following would likely be the most effective approach for a 72-year-old man to protect and enhance his cognitive performance?

join a weekly mall walkers group

Which of the following would NOT be considered an aspect of the physical environment that can play a role in fetal programming?

frequent gun violence on the mother's street

Overall, what can we conclude about boys' and girls' body images during adolescence?

Boys hold more positive personal body images than girls.

When he was first born, Rajesh was crying, so the nurse gave him an APGAR score of 2 for his ________ category / factor.

respiratory effort

The fetal period is best defined as

the period from the ninth week of pregnancy to birth.

A reflex is best described as

unlearned and involuntary.

A human cell that has reached its Hayflick limit has divided how many times?

55

Most physical systems peak sometime between

childhood and early adulthood.

Early in development, every neuron has the potential to

become any type of neuron.

Which statement about infant mortality rates is FALSE?

Medicalization of birth has not impacted the infant mortality rate.

Whose behavior would have the greatest NEGATIVE impact on a baby's brain development?

A mother who consumes five bottles of beer a day, several days a week during her seventh month of pregnancy

Which statement accurately reflects the multidimensional nature of health under the life-span developmental model?

A person's physical health can affect their social activities, which then impacts their mental health.

An infant whose mother lived with an abusive partner while she was pregnant will likely be impacted by prolonged exposure to ________.

adrenaline

A researcher says, "The video you are about to watch contains scenes of neurogenesis." As such, you should expect to see

the creation of new neurons.

The right brain hemisphere

controls the left side of the body and is skilled at simultaneous processing.

One defining cultural factor that guides the development of an infant is

societal perspectives (or their expectations of behavior) on children

Who has just reached the current "age of viability" for a human?

Hae, who has survived 23 weeks past conception

The earliest evidence of lateralization in the brain is ________.

the preference for using a particular hand (right-handed or left-handed)

Rubella and syphilis both

cause heart problems and blindness

Who is likely to have the highest BMI?

Leslie, who lives in trailer with an inactive dad and unemployed mother

Todd didn't want to go with his mother to visit their neighbor Estella; he'd prefer to stay home and play with his kitchen set. But when they walked into Estella's house, Todd immediately saw a box of toy race cars and track. He ran to them and was happy while Estella and his mom talked for an hour. What does Todd's behavior demonstrate?

focusing system

Webster has just been informed that he is suffering from a visual problem that is destroying retinal cells responsible for central vision and that he will soon find reading nearly impossible. This diagnosis indicates that Webster has

age-related macular degeneration.

Which statement best describes the impact of genetics and environment on a child's IQ?

At age two, maternal IQ best predicts the IQ of a child; by age four, the impact of the quality of the home environment becomes as good a predictor as maternal IQ.

Crystallized intelligence is the dimension of intellect that includes all of the following abilities EXCEPT

recognizing relationships.

Old people are most likely to keep their homes too hot or too cold because

they tend to be less sensitive to changes in temperature.

Which statement is true about intelligence and creativity in adolescence?

During adolescence, IQ scores become more predictable but creativity varies.

Attention skills of adolescents are advanced relative to those of children. This advantage appears to be due, in part, to _____ commonly found in adolescents.

myelination of brain cells

Why do scores on infant developmental scales appear to be such poor predictors of later IQs?

They may tap qualitatively different abilities.

Which perspective on intelligence best reflects individual learning styles and capabilities?

Gardner's multiple intelligence theory

Swen's doctor just informed him that in order to correct his visual problem, Swen must have his clouded lens replaced. This means that Swen's visual problem involves

cataracts.

Within days of their baby's birth, Ben and Jen are having an argument about their son. Jen claims that he recognizes her voice, but Ben says that this is impossible. Knowing the research in this area, you are able to tell them that

Jen is correct (maternal voice recognition is evident a few days after birth).

Some children show a lowering of their IQ during their school years. Which factor seems to be the most common cause of this decline?

Living in impoverished environments

All of the major sensory systems begin to function

before birth.

Research on aging and creativity has shown that older individuals are _____ than younger adults.

as original and less productive with creative ideas

Who will likely be dealing with a picky eater when her child reaches kindergarten?

Barbara, who ate a bland diet while pregnant due to indigestion

Habituation is best defined as the process of "learning to be _____" with a stimulus.

bored

The stability of IQ scores

becomes fairly high starting at around age four.

Who is demonstrating a fine motor skill?

Nancy, who is grasping a pencil

By any accounts, Dania is considered a very creative person. What do people see in Dania's work?

value and novelty

Which statement about the classification of intellectual disabilities is true?

Children with intellectual disabilities often have associated impairments like cerebral palsy or a sensory disorder.

Gardner's theory of intelligence

links distinct types of intelligence to specific areas of the brain.

_____ intelligence is defined as the ability to use your active mind and experiences to solve novel problems.

Fluid

According to Fischer, _____ change and develop.

skills

An explicit memory

is deliberately recalled.

In terms of biological factors, children's ability to ________ information improves due to maturation of the ________.

consolidate, hippocampus

While watching a pizza being cut into 10 pieces, eight-year-old Rogerio suddenly realizes that the 10 pieces of pizza are actually the same amount as the original one pizza. This realization best reflects the process of

reversibility.

Whose statement indicates that they are engaging in dialectic thinking?

Soraya, who says, "I don't yet understand how light can be both a wave and an individual element, but I will!"

Accommodation is best defined as

the process of modifying existing schema to better fit a new schema.

Which statement best describes Piaget's theory on intelligence?

Intelligence develops as the result of interactions between biologically based individuals and an environment.

When her mommy is sick in bed, Jenna brings her a pacifier and a rattle, thinking these will help mommy feel better since they always make Jenna feel better. Jenna's behavior best demonstrates

egocentrism.

Which of the following describes a significant difference between Fischer's and Piaget's perspectives on cognitive development?

the lack of clear boundaries between stages in Fischer's model

Thuy hears a song on the car radio and immediately knows that it will be perfect for her wedding. Once she finds a boyfriend, she will remember the song and play it for him. What part of Thuy's working memory is processing the song before it goes into her long-term memory?

phonological loop

Childhood amnesia is defined as the inability to access _____ memories.

autobiographical

Assimilation is best defined as the process in which

we interpret new experiences in terms of existing schemas.

An information-processing theorist would most likely refer to _____ as being part of the mind's "software."

mental problem-solving strategies

Piaget refers to the process of combining existing schemas into new and more complex ones as

organization.

A memory that occurs without any conscious effort is best referred to as

implicit.

Which combinations of memory tasks would prove most difficult to the average older individual?

Unexercised and explicit

To solve problems, people must be able to both ________ information.

retrieve and manipulate

After every class, Nina takes a few minutes to go over her notes and highlight key points from the lecture. By doing this, Nina is helping to facilitate which memory process?

synaptic consolidation

Dr. Leung is trying to help his students understand the core principle underlying Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and Fischer's developmental range. What word should the professor use to reflect both concepts?

support

Which statement would best represent a failure of retrieval?

I know the answer, but I just cannot find it in my mind.

Which of the following skills develops during childhood?

Blindly reaching into a bag and pulling out a specified item

In which week does the fetus begin to gain weight?

26-32

In Gardener's theory of Multiple Intelligences, what is the intelligence based around coordinating your

mind with your body?

Bodily Kinesthetic

What sense is the last to develop in babies?

Sight

The ____ lasts from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth?

fetal period

When it comes to sensation, perception and action, which age group should have the best overall

senses?

The adolescent

Given an approximation, the fetal period lasts how long?

fetal period lasts from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth

Which is a healthy score for a newborn baby after taking the Apgar test?

7 or higher