A/P Chapter 12

The term -emia/hemato means what

related to blood

the term -poeisis means what

cell creation and development

The term eryth means what

related to RBC's

The term leuk means what

related to WBC's

The term thrombo means what

related to platelets

The term -enia means what

less cells

The term -cytosis/philia means what

more cells

The term coag means what

related to blood clots

What are the 2 components to blood composition

liquid component, cellular component

What is the liquid component in blood

Plasma

What makes up the cellular component in blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

What makes up plasma

primarily water and dissolved solutes

How do you obtain plasma

Place blood sample in a tube with an anticoagulant
Spin in centrifuge
Heavier components will collect at the bottom leaving plasma at the top

What are the 2 anticoagulants

EDTA, heparin

If blood is allowed to clot before centrifugation, what will be obtained

serum

How is serum different than plasma

Serum does not have the clotting factors that plasma has

What is the main function to erythrocytes

Carry oxygen

What is the main function of leukocytes

immune cells

What is the main function of thrombocytes

blood clotting cells

What are the 5 types of leukocytes

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

What are the 3 basic functions for blood

Transportation, Regulation, Defense

What does blood transport

nutrients, waste products, hormones, platelets, erythrocytes for oxygen

What does blood regulate

body temperature, tissue fluid content, acid-base balance

What does blood defend against

white blood cells, prevents blood lost

What is hematopoiesis

Production of all blood cells

Where does hematopoiesis take place

red bone marrow, liver, spleen

Where do all blood cells arise from

Pluripotent cells

What do pluripotent cells differentiate into

multipotent cells

What do unipotent cells result in

erythropoiesis, thrombopoiesis, leukopoiesis

How does erythropoiesis occur

unipotent cells become erythroblasts
Erythroblasts mature and lose their nucleus
Mitosis occurs

True/False: mature erythrocytes can multiply

false

What is erythropoiesis stimulated by

the hormone erythropoietin

What stimulates the release of erythropoietin

oxygen levels starting to drop

How long does it take for regeneration, erythrocytes to mature, erythropoiesis to occue

3-7 days

What is polychromasia

The difference in color seen in peripheral blood between immature erythrocytes and normal/mature erythrocytes

What colors are mature cells

bright pink-red

What color are immature cells

lavender and tend to be larger

What are reticulocytes

presence of reticulocytes indicates an active bone marrow process is occurring

During the process of thrombopoiesis, the unipotent cell becomes what

megakaryocyte

What is a megakaryocyte

Gigantic cell with several nuclei

Small pieces of ________________ break off and are released into the blood stream as platelets

megakaryocytes

What is thrombopoiesis stimulated by

thrombopoietin

Where is thrombopoietin made

In the liver

How long does the thrombopoiesis process take

about 7 days

True/False: each specific white blood cell has its own stimulus for production

true

What are the 3 granule cells

Eosinophils, Basophils, Neutrophils

What are the 2 agranule cells

Lymphocytes, monocytes

What color are eosinophils granules

red

what color are basophils granules

purple

What color are neutrophils granules

clear

How do lymphocytes and monocytes different

lymphocytes and smaller with a larger round nucleus while monocytes are larger with a "dinosaur fetus" nucleus

What is the structure of erythrocytes

Biconcave disc for most mammals

What shape is camelids erythrocytes

oval

What shape is deer erythrocytes

sickle shaped

What shape is birds, fish and reptiles erythrocytes

oval with a nucleus

What cellular components do erythrocytes lack

nucleus ( no mitosis), ribosomes (no protein synthesis), mitochondria ( no respiration)

How do erythrocytes obtain glucose

directly from plasma

What is hemoglobin

a molecule that carries oxygen

True/False: erythrocytes need ATP

False

What is hemoglobin

large protein that contains 4 heme groups, each heme group can bind to 1 oxygen molecule

What are the 2 forms hemoglobin can be in

Oxyhemoglobin, Deoxyhemoglobin

True/False: erythrocytes carry some CO2 from tissues to lungs

True, this is what affects pH levels

True/False: heme can bind to CO2

False

Where can CO2 be dissolved to

surrounding plasma

How do erythrocytes maintain shape and cell deformability

they are flexible and deform their shape to fit through small vessels

How long is a dog vs mouse erythrocyte lifespan

Dog 120 days, mouse 20 days

What is senscence

Erythrocytes aging, enzyme activity decreases, cell membrane loses deformability

What does heme get converted into during senescence

Bilirubin

What happens to iron during senescence

delivered to bone marrow

What is extravascular hemolysis

Erythrocytes being destroyed by splenic macrophages

What is intravascular hemolysis

Erythrocytes rupturing or being destroyed while within a vessel

What makes up a Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Packed cell volume/ Hematocrit

When should stained blood smears be used

Should always be performed to supplement CBC information

When looking under a microscope to do a CBC what needs to be looked at

Count WBCs, describe cell morphology

What do thrombocytes look like

Non-nucleated, very small, purple granules

What is the function of thrombocytes

hematostasis
endothelial damage
Platelet adhesion
Platelet aggression
Coagulation

What is hemostasis

process of stopping hemorrhage

What does platelet aggregation require

fibril

What happens during coagulation

blood cells adhere to fibrin

How long is thrombocytes life span

5-7 days then get destroyed by macrophages

What is a coagulation cascade

production of fibrin

What is thrombin

produced by damaged endothelium and activates fibrinogen

How is fibrin made

fibrinogen+ clotting factors

__________ + __________ come together to form a thrombus

Thrombin and fibrin

How does a thrombi get broken down

endothelium produces an anti-thrombin causing fibrinolysis

What is the function of leukocytes

Defense, immunity, phagocytosis

What do mature neutrophils look like

segmented nucleus, clear nucleus, most common WBC

What do immature neutrophils look like

horseshoe nucleus

What is the function of neutrophils

Initial inflammatory response, diapedesis ( growing feet), chemotaxis (moving), phagocytosis through opsonization

What do eosinophils look like

red granules, bi-lobed nucleus (coconut bra)

What is the function of eosinophils

allergies or parasites

What do basophils look like

rare, segmented nucleus, dark purple-blue granules, emo leukocyte

What is the function of a basophil

we dont know

What is the appearance of agranulocytes

smaller than a neutrophil, large nucleus, thin rim of cytoplasm

What are the 4 cells to agranulocyte lymphocytes

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, Plasma Cells, Natural Killer Cells

Where are T lymphocytes produced

the thymus

What kind of immunity to T lymphocytes have

cell-mediated

What kind of immunity do B lymphocytes have

humoral

What kind of immunity do plasma cells have

humoral

How are natural killer cells described

Apoptosis, cell lysis