lab test

Phylum Porifera

Sponges: Tube Sponge, Grantia

Ostia/Ostium

Ostia: Small Pores, Water in
Osculum: Large pore, Water out

Spongin

a fibrous protein that contains sulfur and composes the fibers of the skeleton of some sponges

Grantia spicules

Skeletal elements

Radial/Incurrent Canals (porifera)

lined with choanocytes

Choanocytes

Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges

Phylum Cnidaria

Corals and Jellyfish
Class Hydrozoa, Class Scyphozoa, Class Anthozoa

Class Hydrozoa

Hydras, Obelia, Portuguese man-of-war

Hydra

Identify:
Pedal disc (for attachment)
hypostome (at the top, mouth only opening)
tentacles (have Cnidocytes-stinging cells)
Buds (young who break off and grow)

Obelia

Identify:
Feeding polyps (has tentacles)
Reproductive polyps

Physalia (Portuguese Man of War)

A floating colony of polyps.
Pneumatophore-gas bubble

Class Scyphozoa

Aurelia (moon jelly or True jellyfish)

Aurelia

Identify:
Planula stage
Schyphistoma stage
Strobila stage
Ephyra stage (Mature)

Class Anthozoa

Stony corals, Sea Fans, Soft corals, Sea Anemone

Stony corals

Major component of the reef, produce a hard skeleton of calcium carbonate.

Sea Fans

a kind of coral, shaped like fans

Soft Corals- Gorgonians

Similar to Sea Fans

Sea Anemone (Metridium)-- Dissection

External Features:
Oral side (mouth)
Aboral side (Pedal disc)
Cnidocytes

Internal Features:
Pharynx leads from mouth down to the gastrovascular cavity.
Mouth
Gonads

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Planaria, Liver flukes, Blood Flukes, tapeworms

Planaria (Flatworm)

Note the body shape, shovel-like head and Eyespots

Human Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)

Blood Fluke

Notice the size difference between male and female
and the ends of the male and female differ as well.
Body is less flat

Tapeworms

Identify:
scolex (anterior bearing suckers and hooks for attachment)
proglottids (Reproductive segments that shed)

Beef Tapeworm

Identify:
tiny head (at the end of the thinnest section)
note the hooks and suckers

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms
Ascaris, Dirofilaria (Dog heart worms), Trichinella, Hookworms, Pinworms

Ascaris

Identify the sex of the worms
Male has a slight hook on the end.

Dog Heartworms (Dirofilaria)

Crowd the heart and block blood flow, eventually fatal

Trichinella

Focus on the cyst that is within undercooked meat
Causes Trichinosis

Ancyclostoma (Hookworm)

Note the hooks on the male which is how he holds onto the female during reproduction

Enterobius (Pinworm)

Usually asymptomatic

Phylum Annelida

Earthworms, Leeches, Clam worm, Tube worm
Class Oligochaeta, Class Hirudinea, Class Polychaeta

Class Oligochaeta

Earthworms and their cocoons

Earthworms dissection

Identify:
The Clitellum
Anterior portion
Dorsal side
Ventral side

Internal:
Brain
Pharynxs
Heart
crop
gizzard
intenstines
seminal vesicles and receptacles
septa
dorsal blood vessel

Earthworm cocoon

external fertilization

Class Hirudinea

leeches

Leeches

external parasites that suck the blood and body fluids of their host
Note the suckers

Class Polychaeta

Nereis (Clam worm), Chaetopterus (Tube Worm)
All marine

Clam Worm (Nereis)

Note the segmentation, Parapodia (appendages) and Setae
Find; Anterior, dorsal, ventral, and posterior sides

Chaetopterus (parchment tube worm)

Filter feeders

Phylum Mollusca

soft-bodied animals
Class Scaphopoda, Class Polyplacophora, Class Bivalvia, Class Gastropoda, Class Cephalopoda

Class Scaphopoda

shell with one tubular valve
Filter Feeders

Class Polyplacophora

Chiton (On not In)

Chiton

Herbivores
Note the articulating plates and foot

Class Bivalvia

Scallop, Mussels, Oyster, Clams

Scallop shell

Note the Umbo (should be close the the middle of where the shells connect)

Mussel

No specifics

Oyster

Note:
Abductor muscle
only served on a half shell when shucked

Tridacna Clams

Often colorful and can be veryyyy big

Clam dissection

Find:
Posterior and anterior abductor muscles
Mantle
Shell
Gills
Incurrent and excurrent siphon
Foot

Internal:
Heart
Gonad
Intestines
Digestive Gland

Class Gastropoda

Land Slug, Garden snail, sea snails

Land slug

Modified shell found inside on top of head.
Note the muscular foot
Mucus is secretive for movement

Garden snail

One valve with one opening

sea snails

Olive Shell and Cone shell (neurotoxins)

Class Cephalopoda

octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish

Octopus

Find:
Eye
Siphon
Arms
Suction cups
Head

Squid

Find:
Pen
Arms
Tentacles
Eye
Siphon
Mouth
Beak

Nautilus

Observe whole and cut shell
Animal lives in the last chamber

Cuttlefish

Shell is modified as a cuttlebone
Note:
Arms
tentacles
Siphon

Phylum Arthropoda

Phylum Echinodermata

Starfish, sandollars, Sea Cucumbers, sea urchins
Class Asteroidea, Class Echinoidea, Class Ophiuroidea, Class Holothuroidea

Class Asteroidea

Starfish

Starfish

Starfish dissection
External: (aboral side)
Arms
Spines
Madreporite
tube feet
ambulacral groove
mouth
central disc

Internal: (oral side)
Gonad
Digestive gland
stomach
ring canal
radial canal

Class Echinoidea

Sandollars, Sea Urchins

Sandollars (including Sea Biscuit)

Note:
ambulacra
exoskeleton is called a Test

Sea Urchin

Spines (for protection)
the mouth in underneath

Class Ophiuroidea

Brittlestars

Brittlestars

Long skinny arms that lack tube feet but use it to reach and grab surfaces

Class Holothuroidea

Sea cucumber

Sea cucumber

Note:
Soft plates fused
ambulacra
tentacles
mouth

Phylum Chordata

Vertebrates and invertebrates
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Subphylum Urochordata
Subphylum Vertebrata

The 4 Hallmarks

Pharyngeal gill slits
postanal tail
dorsal nerve chord (spinal chord)
notochord (backbone)

Subphylum Cephalchordata

Invertebrate
Lancelets

Lancelets

Four hallmarks highlighted in white

Subphylum Urochordata

Invertebrate
Sea Squirts

Sea Squirts

lacks the 4 hallmarks in adult stage
sessile filter feeders

Subphylum Vertebrata

Vertebrates
Class Myxini, Class Hyperoartia, Class Chondrichthys, Class Actinopterygii, Class Amphibia, Class Reptilia, Class Aves, Class Mammalia

Vertebrates

Skeleton of bone or cartilage, cranium, 4 hallmarks in advanced forms

Class Myxini

Jawless Cartilagenous Fish
Hagfish

Hagfish

Doesn't have a jaw but it does have a cranium
Mucus secretes in heavy amounts when taken out of the water as a protection

Class Hyperoartia

Jawless cartilaginous Fish
Lamprey

Lamprey

Has cartilage, sharp teeth to carve a hole in prey (ends up killing the prey)

Class Chondrichthyes

cartilaginous jawed fish; skates, rays, shark (teeth and embryo, including egg sack)

Skate

Spine on dorsal side and on the tail, but lack the longer spine of the stingray.
similar to rays

Stingray

Spine on tail

Lesser Electric Ray

Have the ability to give off a a small shock
normally sit in the shallow sand

Mermaid's purse

Shark and ray egg
the sac is the yolk sac

Shark teeth

only hard parts of the shark that preserves
very common

Class Actinopterygii

Bony Fishes
Frogfish, Flounder, trout

Frogfish

Note the lure above the upturned mouth used to lure prey

Flounder

No specifics

Trout Life Cycle

Unfertile
eye egg stages
Fry w/ backbone
Fry w/ egg sac
Fingerling

Class Amphibia

Transitional between water and land
Water lifecycle as eggs and larva
Newt/Salamandars
Mudpuppies
Frog

Newt/Salamanders

Moist environments on land

Mudpuppy

external remnants of gills and spend most of their lives in water

Frog dissection

Find:
Heart
Lungs
Liver
Gall Bladder
Stomach
Large and Small intestines

Class Reptilia

Reptiles, dry scaly skin, lay amniotic eggs.
Snakes, Turtles, Lizards, Alligators

Snakes

To know:
common name, the phylum, subphylum and class of the snakes displayed for the lab test
In our case: The Copperhead, Eastern Hognose Snake, and the Rattlesnake

Turtles

Upper shell is called the Carapace and the bottom shell is called the Plastron

Lizards

Fence lizard and an Iguana

alligators and crocodiles

Note:
Size of the jar neck and the size of the alligator
Know:
The common name, phylum, subphylum and class