Anatomy Lecture Exam 2

Stop codons

UAG UGA UAA

Start Codon

Aug

Selectivity Permeable

Plasma membrane only allows some things through.

Protein Structure

3-D shape known as conformation. Crucial to the function

Denaturation

extreme change in it shape that destroys function

Hypertonic Solution

Causes cell to lose water and shrivel

Golgi Complex

Us Postal Service- Receives proteins from the ER then packages them into membrane bound vesicles

Microvilli

Serve to increase surface area. Make up inner lining of small intestine.

Desmosome

cellular junction

Steps of translation

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

Secondary Structure of a Protein

Coiled or foiled shape

Heald together by hydrogen bonds

Bond between slightly negative and slightyly positive NH groups

alpha and Beta helix are most common structure.

Genomics

Study of the genome

Antiport

carriers that move two or more solutes in opposite direction. Example is the sodium potassium pump.

Extracellular fluid

Fluids that are outside the cell. These are things like blood, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Osmosis

Net flow of water through a selectivity permeable membrane. Water moves from an area to higher concentration to lower concentration.

Cytoplasm

All of the space in the cell. Contains the organelles. mostly clear gel called the cytosol or intracellular fluid.

Osmotic Pressure

Hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis.

Simple Diffusion

From a high area of concentration to a low area of concentration

Isotonic

no change in cell volume. Same concentration inside and out.

Levels of complexity of a protein structure

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Quantatairy Structure

Flagellum

Whiplike structure. Tail of sperm for movement.

Transmembran Proteins

can pass completely through the membrane.

Peripheral Proteins

Can adhere to one face of the membrane

DNA structure

Double helix Shape

Phosphate back bone

Alternating deoxy ribose

Connection between back bones are base pairs.

Symport

Carriers that move two or more solutes in the same direction. Example Sodium Glucose transporters

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Produces phospholipids and cell membranes for all phospholipids

The Protein Function Recognition and Protection

Uses antibodies and glycogens for immune recognition

Uniport

Carrier that moves one type of solution Example calcium pump

The function of DNA

Carry instructions for the synthesis of polypeptides.

DNA organization

Organized with proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Where phospholipids are made

Chromatin

the filamentous DNA material complexed with proteins called histones

the Structure of Cilium

Made up of an axoneme and dynein arms

Messenger RNA in translation

Carriers’ codon from nucleus to cytoplasm. Has protein cap that is recognition site for ribosome.

Relationship of a DNA base sequence to peptide structure

DNA double helix.

Seven base triplets on the template strand of DNA.

The corresponding codons of the MRNA transcribed from the DNA triple.

The anticodons of tRNA that bind to the mRNA codons.

The amino acids carried by tRNA molecules.

Amino acids link to a peptide chain

Gene regulation

Genes can be turned on and off. some genes may be turned off permanently.

Enzyme Action

substrate Bind to an active site.

Formation of enzyme substrate complex

Enzyme release’s reaction products

DNA ligase

Segments are connected by this on the new SNA strand.

Genetic Mosaicism

Genetic mutation in one’s body to replication errors.

The effect that enzymes have on reaction rate.

Speed up by lowering reaction rate.

Enzymes

Proteins that function so biological catalysis is- act on 1 or more substrates

Mutation Outcomes

some can be silent and have no effect. Others can kill the cell turn it cancerous.

Facilitated Diffusion

Carriers moves solute down its concentration gradient.

Doesn’t need ATP

Filtration

Particles are driven through membrane by a physical pressure. Is like a coffee filter. Is basically separation by size

Active Mechanisms

Consume ATP

Nucleotides

Organic compounds with 3 components.

Nitrogenous Base

Sugar

One of more phosphate group

Carrier Saturation and transport maximum

Increasing solute increases the rate of transport. this happens until you run out of carriers.

globular Proteins

Compact Tertiary structure for proteins within a cell membrane and proteins that move freely in body fluids.

Carrier Mediated Transport

Proteins in cell membrane carry solutes into or out of the cell.

Membrane protein

Constitute of 2% of the molecules but 50% of the weight of the membrane

Regulation of Cell division

Molecular times and checkpoints throughout the cycle regulate it.

Chromatid

DNA strand

Malignant Tumor

Carry cancer. Will spread. Stimulates the growth of blood vessels.

Codon

three Base sequence in mRNA

Factors That affect difusion Rate

Increase in temperature.

Decrease in molecular weight.

Steepness in concentration gradients

Increase in surface area.

Increase in membrane permeability

Vesicular Transport

Moves large particle fluid droplets or numerous molecules at once through membrane vesicles.

Transcytosis in Vesicular Transport

Transport material across cell by catching it in one side and releasing it into another.

Cytosol

Clear viscous water in the cell

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments and cylinders. contributes for Structal support.

Primary active Transport

Carrier moves solute through a membrane and up its concentration gradient. Uses ATP

What is the Cytoskeleton composed of

Microfilaments

Intermediated filaments

Microtubules

Transcription Process

1-opens up helix

2-build complementary mRNA strand

3- rewinds DNA to allow it to be transcribed by several polymerase

4- Pre-mRNA undergoes processing removes intron and splices extrons together.

Alternative Splicing

variations in the way exons are spliced allow for a variety of proteins to be precluded from one gene.

The function of cell adhesion in proteins

Proteins that Bind cells together.

Nucleus

Contains genetic material.

Keratin

tough structural protein found in hair nails and things like that

quaternary structure of a protein

Associations of two or more polypeptide chains due to ionic bonds or van der waal forces

Protein functions

communication

Membrane transport

Catalysis

Recognition and protection

Movement

Cell adhesion

Primary structure of a protein

Sequence of amino acids- encode by genes.

Phospholipid Bilayer

It is continuous with the nucleolus.

Interphase

First Gap Phase (G1)

Synthesis (S)

Second Gap Phase (G2)

G1 Phase First Gap Phase

Growth and normal metabolic roles. interval between cell division and DNA.

s phase (synthesis phase)

replicates nuclear DNA and duplicates centrioles

G2 Second Gap Phase

Cell repairs DNA replication errors and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division.

Main participants in translation

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transfer RNA tRNA

ribosomes

Functions of the potassium pump

Maintains Na gradient allowing secondary transport. Regulates solute concentration. Maintains charged resting membrane potential.

Produces Heat (burn ATP)

Tonicity

Ability of surrounding solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in the cell. if the solute is more concentrated on one side it causes osmosis.

Osmolarity

Osmotic Concentration - what can not cross the plasma membrane

Protein Function of catalysis

globular proteins catalyze physiological reactions.

Membrane in protein functions

Receptors

Enzymes

Channels Proteins

Carriers

Cell identity maters

cell adhesion molecules

Lysomes

Package of enzymes bound by a membrane

Comes from the Golgi

Mitochondria

Specalized for synthesizing ATP

Inclusions

Storage products or foreign matter in cytoplasm

Alpha Helix shape

Coilled shape

Cilia

Hair like

Serves as an antenna for monitoring nearby conditions.

Aquaporinins

Channel proteins in membrane specialized for water pressure.

Cell size

10-15 micrometers

Translation

Nucleotide language converted into amino acid language.

Protein processioning and secretion

The cellular process of modifying and packaging proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus for secretion or use within the cell. It involves protein folding, glycosylation, and the formation of disulfide bonds. Secretion occurs through vesicle transport to the cell membrane.

four Steps of DNA replication

1 Unwinding helix from histones

2 Unzippining a small portion of the helix by SNA helicase promoting a replication fork

3 DNA polymerase moves along each strand and makes a complementary strand

4 New histones are synthesized and used to organize new DNA strands into nucleosomes

Glycocalyx

The outermost layer of a cell is composed of carbohydrates and proteins. It protects the cell and helps with cell recognition and communication.

Second Messenger system

1-A messenger such as an enzyme bins receptor in plasma membrane

2- The receptor releases a G protein which travels freely in the cytoplasm

3- The G protein bins to the enzyme AC in the plasma membrane. AC then converts ATP and cAMP

4- cAMP activates enzymes kinase

5- Kinases ad phosphate group to other cytoplasmic enzymes and deactivates other leading to metabolic effects

Hypertonic solutions

Causes cell to absorb water and swell.

plasma Membrane makeup

phospholipids=75'%

Cholesterol = 20%

Glycolipids = 5%

Path of protein synthesis

DNA_RNA-Protein

Pseudopods

Changing extension of the cell- locomotion and captaining foreign particles- Also known as false feet

Plasma Cell Membrane

Defines cell boundaries made of proteins and lipids composition can vary between regions of the cell.

Sodim Potassium Pump

Primary active transport

Each cycle consumes 1.

ATP exchange three NA for Two K

Endocytosis

Brinings material into the cell in three different ways. Phagocytosis - eats cell

Pinocytosis-cell drinking

Receptor - mediated- binds to specific receptors