sports med chapter 8

EAP

emergency action plan

emergency action plan

need a plan for each field, court, and gym

emergency action plan

procedure for removal of protective equipment (shoulder pads/helmets)

emergency action plan

phones - wireless, landline

emergency action plan

info to give on phone

info to give on phone

type of emergency

info to give on phone

suspected injury

info to give on phone

present condition

info to give on phone

current care given

info to give on phone

location of phone being used

info to give on phone

exact location

emergency action plan

keys, gates/padlocks accessible

emergency action plan

meeting for all personnel and staff to know their responsibility/role

emergency action plan

assign someone to accompany athlete to hospital

emergency action plan

carry contact info for coaches and athletes (parent consent form on file, usually with physical form)

primary injury assessment

assessment of potentially life-threatening problems

primary injury assessment

airway

primary injury assessment

breathing

primary injury assessment

circulation

primary injury assessment

severe bleeding

primary injury assessment

shock

unconscious athlete

provides dilemma because you can’t ask them what’s wrong

unconscious athlete

911 should always be called

unconscious athlete

should always consider they have a life threatening disease

CPR

cardio pulmonary resuscitation

CAB

circulation, airway, breathing - in cpr

hands only cpr

if not certified in cpr, compressions at rate of 100/min

certified cpr

30 compressions to 2 breaths

AED

should be used if available

equipment considerations with CPR

helmets/shoulder pads

equipment considerations with CPR

in past, if suspected cervical spine injury, no helmet removal

equipment considerations with CPR

today, equipment removed at earliest time by at least 3 trained rescuers

how many trained rescuers for equip removal

3

hemorrhage

abnormal external or internal discharge of blood

venous

dark red, continuous

capillary

oozes, reddish

arterial

bright red, spurts

external hemorrhage

comes from open skin wounds

how to control external hemorrhage

apply direct pressure

how to control external hemorrhage

elevate

how to control external hemorrhage

locate and use pressure points if the first 2 do not slow the bleeding

internal hemorrhage

cannot be seens

\n if internal hemorrhage is found subcutaneously, intramuscular or in joines

athlete can be moved without danger usually

if internal hemorrhage bleeding is in body cavity (skull, thorax, abdomen)

can be life threatening and will present as shock

shock

occurs usually with severe bleeding, fractures, or deep internal injuries

predisposing conditions of shock

extreme fatigue, extreme exposure to heat or cold, extreme dehydration of fluids and minerals, or illness

what happens in the body during shock

diminished amount of fluid available to the circulatory system, so not enough oxygen carrying blood cells available to the tissues. a quantity of plasma is lost from the blood vessels to the tissue spaces of the body. this leaves solid blood cells within the vessels and thus causing the blood from to slow greatly.

with this collapse of the vascular system, there is a widespread death of tissue which will eventually cause death of the individual unless treatment is given

signs of shock

low bp - systolic below mmHg

signs of shock

moist, pale, clammy skin

signs of shock

staring eyes - dilated pupils

signs of shock

rapid and very weak pulse

signs of shock

drowsy and sluggish

signs of shock

breathing shallow and extremely rapid

management of shock

call doctor/911

management of shock

maintain body heat, using warm but not hot blankets

management of shock

elevate the feet and legs 8-12 inches

hypovolemic

blood loss, gun shot wound

respiratory

lungs not able to supply enough oxygen to blood - trauma to pneumothorax or injury to breathing control mechanism

neurogenic

brain or spinal cord - results in the dilation of the blood vessels - lack of oxygen to body

psychogenic

fainting (syncope) temporary dilation of blood vessels

cardiogenic

heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to brain and other vital organs - heart attack

septic

severe usually bacterial infection - covid

anaphylactic

severe allergic reaction

metabolic

severe illness like diabetes going untreated or through extreme loss of bodily fluids (urination, vomiting, diarrhea)

secondary survey

vital signs should be assessed

secondary survey

pulse

where to check pulse

radial or carotid

rapid and weak pulse

shock, diabetic coma, heat exhaustion

rapid and strong pulse

heart stroke, fright

slow and strong pulse

brain injury, skull fx, stroke

feeble or irregular pulse

concussio

secondary survey

respiration

respiration - secondary survey

look, listen, feel

secondary survey

blood pressure

systolic

pressure on arterial walls when heart beats - top

diastolic

residual pressure on arterial walls when heart is at rest or between beats - bottom

low blood pressure (bp) can indicate

hemorrhage, shock, heart attack, internal organ injury

secondary survey

temperature

normal temperature

98\.6

temperature

body is very sensitive and a slight change up or down can be an indicator of a problem

secondary survey

skin color

red skin color

heat stroke, increase Bp and body temp

white (pale) skin color

poor circulation, shock, fright, hemorrhage, heat exhaustion, insulin shock

blue (cyanotic) skin color

airway obstruction, poor respiration

secondary survey

pupils

pupils should be

equal and reactive - use pen/light to check

constricted pupils

depressant

dilated pupils

stimulant, head injury, shock, hemorrhage

not accommodating pupils

brain injury, alcohol or drug poisoning

secondary survey

state of consciousness

secondary survey

weakness of movement

inability to move body part

indicates a severe central nervous system injury

secondary survey

sensory changes

numbness and tingling

nerve or cord damage

pain

that is general and localized does not usually indicate a spinal cord injury

process to evaluate musculoskeletal injury

be aware of major signs that reveal the site, nature, and above all, severity of injury

detection made faster by

understanding the mechanism or traumatic sequence

detection made faster by

methodically inspect the injury

decisions that can be made from the secondary assessment

seriousness of the injury

decisions that can be made from the secondary assessment

type of first aid and immimmobilizationobilizarion needed