A&P1 Lab Exam 4 Questions

In EEG brain waves the unit of amplitude is

Microvolts (μV)

What is measured by the "ground" electrode in an egg obtained by the "bipolar method"?

The body's baseline voltage/voltage due to electrical activities other than the brain

Delta waves, which are observed during sleeping, may increase during

Difficult mental activities

Explain what was the purpose of the BIOPAC EEG exercise

Demonstrate brain activity during relaxed (closed eyes) and attentive (open eyes) states

An ________________ is a recording of the brain's activity obtained by using electrodes

EEG

Beta waves are the prominent EEG wave patterns of an adult who is _______ and _______.

Alert; Attentive

Theta waves are characterized by frequency rhythms that vary between ____ and ____ Hz.

4; 8

Explain what is measured in an EEG obtained by the "bipolar method"

The difference in electrical potential between the two areas of the brain above which the pair of electrodes is placed

Delta waves are the prominent EEG wave patterns of an adult who is

Sleeping/engaged in difficult mental activities

The different brain waves recorded in an EEG are identified by their ____________ and ____________.

Frequency (Hz); Amplitude (μV)

Alpha waves are characterized by frequency rhythms that vary between ___ and ___ Hz.

8; 13

What changes would you detect in an EEG if one of the electrodes was placed above an area with a brain tumor

Increased slowing activity (delta and theta) and decreased fast activity (alpha and beta)

Theta waves are the prominent EEG wave patterns of an adult during

Emotional responses/sleeping

In EEG brain waves, the unit of frequency is __________ which represents __________

Hz; Cycles/Sec

Beta waves detected in an EEG are characterized by frequency rhythms that vary between ____ and ____ Hz.

13; 30

________________ is an EEG in which Brain signals are collected from the scalp and are amplified and fed into a computer

Digital EEG

A _________________ is taken as clinical evidence of death

Flat EEG/no EEG signal

Name one diagnostic use of the EEG

Localize brain lesions, epileptic foci, infections, abscesses, tumors

_____________ are rapid, predictable, involuntary motor responses to stimuli

Reflexes

Name an automatic reflex obtained in lab

Pupillary light reflex, consensual reflex

Name the reflex which occurs when you shine a bright light into a subject's eye

Pupillary light reflex

Define ipsilateral response

Reflex occurring on the same side of the body as was stimulated

Name the reflex which occurs if you suddenly prick a subject's finger

Crossed extensor reflex/flexor reflex

________________ is a consensual response/reflex observed on one side of the body when other side has been stimulated

Contralateral response

_________________ is the abnormal (when seen in adults) flaring of toes and movement of the big toe in an upward direction during plantar reflex testing

Babinski Sign

What is the normal reaction during the patellar/knee-jerk reflex

Knee extension/contraction of quadriceps muscles (vastus-all, bicep femoris)

Name one superficial cord reflex

Abdominal reflex, cremaster reflex, planter reflex

What is the normal reaction during the cross extensor reflex?

Ipsilateral contraction of agonist, prime mover stimulated on the same side, contraction of the antagonist on the contralateral side

What is the normal reaction during the plantar reflex test in adults?

Curling of the toes (NOT flaring of the toes and moving the big tow upward)

Name one contralateral response reflex seen in lab

Cross extension

What is the normal reaction during salivary reflex test?

Production of saliva

Name a somatic reflex observed in lab

Patellar reflex, knee-jerk reflex, achilles reflex, ankle-jerk reflex, cross extension

The inhibition of the antagonist of a stretched muscle during a stretch reflex arc test if called

Reciprocal inhibition

What is the normal reaction during achilles reflex/ankle-jerk reflex

Dorsiflexion

Name one of the reflexes that were tested in lab using the pen light

Pupillary reflex

Distorted, exaggerated or absent reflex responses may indicate what?

Degeneration or pathology of the nervous system

Nerves that carry both sensory and motor fibers are called

Mixed nerves

______________ are axonal branches of a neuron

Collaterals

_____________ is permeant flaccid paralysis of both legs due to transection or sever trauma to the spinal cord

Paraplegia

Name the connective tissue sheath in which each nerve cell fiber is wrapped

Endoneurium

Name the coarse connective tissue in which groups of nerve fibers (fascicles) are wrapped

Perineurium

The axons of nerves are wrapped in bundles called

Fascicles

Name the fibrous connective tissue wrapping of groups of fascicles/nerves

Epineurium

Name one PNS neuroglia/glial cell

Satellite cells, Schwann cells

Name one CNS neuroglia/glial cell

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

______________ play a role in capillary-neuron exchanges, and control the chemical environment around neurons

Astrocytes

______________ myelinate the cytoplasmic extensions of neurons in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

_____________ are phagocytic neuroglia

Microglia

______________ myelinate the cytoplasmic extensions of neurons in the PNS

Schwann cells

_______________ cells line cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities

Ependymal cells

Which neuroglial cells are the most abundant?

Astrocytes

A typical neuron is comprised of ______________, which carry impulses either toward or away from its other major area, the ______________.

Processes, cell body

_____________ are the basic functional units of the nervous system

Neurons

The part of the neuron responsible for integrating incoming signals, and housing the nucleus is called the _____________.

Cell Body

Neuron cell bodies found in clusters in the CNS are called

Nuclei

Collections of neuron cell bodies found in the PNS are called

Ganglia

Neuron fibers running through the CNS form

Tracts

Neuron fibers running through the PNS form

Nerves

The cytoplasm of the neuron is called

Neuroplasm

____________ are the cytoskeletal elements of the neuron

Neurofibrils

What type of organelles are nissl bodies?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Dendrites are _________________, they bear receptors for neurotransmitters released by other neurons

Receptive regions

Give another name for axons

Nerve fibers/process

What is the function of axons?

Generate and conduct nerve impulses

The electrical current produced travels across the cell body, and if it is great enough, it elicits a regenerative electrical signal called an ____________ or ____________, that travels down the axon.

Impulse; Action potential

The axon of motor neurons begins just distal to a slightly enlarged cell body structure called the _________________.

Axon hillock

The point at which the axon hillock narrows to axon diameter is referred to as the ____________.

Initial segment

The axon ends in many small structures called _______________ or _______________, which form synapses or junctions with neurons or effector cells.

Axon terminals; Synaptic knobs

The axon ends in many small structures called axon terminals, or synaptic knobs, which form _____________ or junctions with neurons or effector cells.

Synapses

Each axon terminal is separated from the cell body or dendrites of the next postsynaptic neuron by a tiny gap called the ____________.

Synaptic Cleft

What do synaptic vesicles contain?

Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to membrane receptors on the next neuron, initiating an electrical current or

Synaptic potential

Most long nerves fibers are covered with fatty materials called ____________, and such fibers are referred to as myelinated fibers.

Myelin

Most long nerves fibers are covered with a fatty material called myelin, and such fibers are referred to as ____________.

Myelinated fibers

The gaps or indentations of the myelin sheath are called _____________.

Nodes of Ranvier

In __________, one very short process extension from the cell body and then divides.

Unipolar Neurons

In unipolar neurons one very short process, which divides into ______________ and ______________, extends from the cell body.

Peripheral; Central processes

__________ have two processes attached to the cell body.

Bipolar neurons

Give an example of where a bipolar neuron may be found

Receptor apparatus of the eye, ear, olfactory mucosa

Many processes issue from the cell body of __________.

Multipolar neurons

Neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors in the internal organs, skin, skeletal muscles, joints, or special sensory organs are termed __________.

Sensory neurons/Afferent neurons

Neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or body muscles and glands are termed __________.

Efferent neurons/Motor neurons

___________________ are situated between and contribute to pathways that connect sensory and motor neurons, their cell bodies are found in the CNS, and they are multipolar.

Interneuron/Association neuron

Nerves that carry sensory fibers are called _____________.

Sensory nerves/Afferent nerves

The ventral roots of the spinal cord, which carry only motor fibers can be considered _____________.

Motor nerves/Efferent nerves

A ___________ is fascicles or neuronal processes bound together by perineurium, containing blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

Nerve

___________ is an inflammation of the meninges

Meningitis

What life-threatening disorder of the brain may occur as a result of meningitis spreading to the brain?

Encephalitis

Give the specific area of the CNS that motor neuron cell bodies are found

Nuclei

______________, also known as water on the brain, occurs because of cerebrospinal fluid retention in infants.

Hydrocephalus

The ________________ primarily interprets incoming sensory information and issues instructions based on that information and on past experience.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The ________________ serves as communication lines that carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS and from the CNS to the appropriate glands, muscles, or other effector organs.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Name one of the two major subdivisions of the PNS

Sensory portion, motor portion

The ______________, a subdivision of the PNS, consists of nerve fibers that conduct impulses towards the CNS.

Sensory portion

The ______________, a subdivision of the PNS, consists of nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the CNS.

Motor portion

Name one of the two divisions of the motor branch of the PNS

Somatic division/voluntary system OR autonomic nervous system/involuntary nerve system

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is often referred to as the ______________.

Involuntary nervous system

During the embryonic development of all vertebrates, the CNS first makes its appearance as a simple tube-like structure, the ______________.

Neural tube

Name one of the three major developmental regions of the brain

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

The central canal of the neural tube, which remains continuous throughout the brain and cord, enlarges in four regions of the brain, forming chambers called _____________.

Ventricles