ENG QUARTER 1

Telemachus

The Odyssey does not start with Odysseus departing from Troy, but with _________, Odysseus’ 20 year old son.

Penelope

Wife of Odysseus

20 years

How long did it take for Oddysseus to get back to get back to Ithaca

10 years

How long did the Odyssey take

The Iliad

is an epic poem by the ancient Greek poet Homer, which recounts some of the significant events of the final weeks of the Trojan War and the Greek siege of the city of Troy

Homer

was a blind Prophet whose date of birth is around 800 BC and is said to be the first

teller of adventures of all times.

Epics

long, narrative poems that tell the adventures of heroes who in some way embody the values of their civilization.

Iliad

War Epic

Odyssey

Journey

Star Wars

Forrest Gump

Hobbit

Lord of the Rings

Wizard of Oz

Examples of Modern Day Epics

Greeks and Romans made their gods in their own image.

Why Gods and Goddesses were created?

illiterate

Myths of Greece and Rome were told orally because the societies were almost entirely

wedding

The Trojan War began as a result of a ________ many years earlier

Eris

All of the Gods were invited to Thetis’ and Peleus’ wedding except for

Paris

__________, the most handsome man in all of the known world, was asked by Zeus to judge a divine “beauty contest” of sorts.

Hera, Athena, or Aphrodite.

A golden apple would be given to the most beautiful goddess present __________,__or ____ or __________

ultimate power

Hera offered Paris ___________ if he picked her

wealthiest man alive

Athena promised to make him the

Helen

Aphrodite promised to give Paris ___________– the most beautiful woman alive. (Though she was already married to Menelaus of Sparta)

Helen of Troy

“The face that launched a thousand ships”

Aphrodite

Paris, of course, picked __________

1,000 ships

Menelaus launched ___________ – commanded by Greek kings and their armies – to get Helen back.

The Muses

are nine goddesses in Greek mythology who were believed to preside over all forms of art and science.

ATHENA

She is Zeus' daughter; a warrior goddess,the goddessof wisdom. Powerful ally of the Greeks and protector of Odysseus; she hated the Trojans because of the judgment of Paris.

HERMES

He is a son of Zeus who guides souls to the Underworld. He is sent to guide Priam on his risky trip to the tent of Achilles for the ransom of the body of his son, Hector.

THETIS

She is a sea goddess, wife of the warrior, Peleus, and divine mother of Achilles. She foretold Achilles' fate, intervened with Zeus on hisbehalf, and brought her son divine armor made by the god, Hephaestus.

HERA

She is the jealous wife - and sister - of Zeus. A vigorous patron of the Greeks because of her anger at the Trojans over the judgment of Paris.

AGAMEMNON

Mortal son of Atreus, king of Mycenae, brother of Menelaus and most powerful Greek king. His quarrel with Achilles sparks Achilles’ anger and sets in motion the plot of the Iliad.

ACHILLES

Mortal leader of the Myrmidonsand central character of the Iliad; son of the goddess, Thetis, and the warrior, Peleus;immortal except for in one small place on his heel. Central character, flawed hero who has too much pride and rage.

HELEN

Mortal daughter of Zeus and Leda, step-daughter of Tyndareus; wife of Menelaus. She eloped with Paris, causing the Trojan war; Her beauty was said to “launch a thousand ships.”

MENELAUS

Mortal son of Atreus, brother of Agamemnon. Husband of Helen, until she runs away with Paris

ODYSSEUS

Son of Laertes, lord of Ithaca, famed for his wisdom and trickery. He rallies the troops, forms part of the embassy to Achilles, and urges Achilles to put aside his grief.

PATROCLUS

Companion of Achilles. He accompanied Achilles to Troy. He enters the battle in Achilles’ place and his death at the hands of Hector provokes Achilles’ return to the battle.

NESTOR

The Aged king of Pylosand a wise counselor. He urges Patroclus to ask Achilles to let him lead hismen into battle, the plan that leads to Patroclus’ death.

• ATHENA

• HERMES

• THETIS

• HERA

• AGAMEMNON

• ACHILLES

• HELEN

• MENELAUS

• ODYSSEUS

• PATROCLUS

• NESTOR

Characters that sided with the Greeks

• PRIAM

• HECTOR

• PARIS

• APHRODITE

• APOLLO

• ZEUS

Characters that sided with the Trojans

PRIAM

Aged king of Troy, married to Hecabe, father of fifty sons. He ransoms the body of his son, Hector, from Achilles.

HECTOR

Son of Priam and Hecabe and leading warrior of the Trojans. He leads the Trojan onslaught against the Greek ships.

PARIS

He isa son of Priam; he accepted Aphrodite's offer of Helen, the most beautiful mortal woman. he challenges Menelaus to a duel, but is rescued from the fight by Aphrodite.

APHRODITE

Goddess of love and daughter of Zeus, although in later legends she was said to have been born from the foam of the sea. She protected Helen, and, in book three, she rescues Paris, and brings him to Helen.

APOLLO

The archergod, cause of plagues, god of prophecy and a music; the son of Zeus and Leto. In the opening scene of the Iliad, he sends a plague upon the Achaeans because Agamemnon has dishonored his priest, Chryses. He helps Hector in the killing of Patroclus.

ZEUS

The son of Cronus and Rhea most powerful of the gods; Throughout the Iliad, he acts as an overseer.

Pronoun

a word that is used instead of a noun or noun phrase.

Antecedent

the word, phrase, or clause that a pronoun can replace. In other words, the antecedent is the noun that is replaced by the pronoun.

Reflexive pronouns

necessary to the meaning of the sentence and they are often used as objects that are needed in a complete sentence

Direct object

It can be a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase and it follows a transitive or action verb.

Indirect object

is a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that signals what or who receives the direct object.

Intensive pronouns

used to add emphasis to the subject or antecedent of the sentence; they are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence and are used for emphasis.

Emphatic Pronouns

Intensive pronouns are also known as

Public Speaking

an oral presentation or speech delivered to a live audience. It is generally a formal or staged event.

also called oration or oratory, is the process of communicating information to a live audience.

Style, Substance, Impact

Great public speaking consists of three components:

Style

Masterfully constructed by using words to create text that is both beautiful to hear and read.

Substance

A centralized theme to appeal and inspire the audience’s values and ideals.

Impact

Impactful by changing opinions, minds, and hearts. An impactful oration results in a lingering effect on the audience.

Personality, Structure, Delivery

Factors of Public Speaking

Personality

is your total physical, mental, and emotional traits.

Structure

refers to the content of your message.

Delivery

includes the quality of your voice, use of appropriate gestures and facial expressions, pacing as you deliver the lines, humor and the X-Factor.

Respect your audience, Present meaningful content, Do not plagiarize

Ethics of Public Speaking

Respect your audience

know who your audience are and make sure to address them in a polite manner regardless of the topic you are delivering.

Present meaningful content

make sure that it reflects the purpose of the speech and it exhibits your knowledge of the matter.

Do not plagiarize

your credibility as a speaker is also represented by how you cite your sources.

DANTE ALIGHIERI

He was the son of Alighiero de Bellincione and Donna Bella degli Abatia - a prominent family in Florence

Gemma Donati

Dante is married to

THE DIVINE COMEDY

was written from 1306 to 1321. The poem presents an overview of the attitudes, beliefs, philosophies, as well as the material aspects of the medieval world.

1300

The journey begins in _________, on Good Friday, and lasts seven days.

100 cantos

The poem is divided into three books. Each book is composed by 33 cantos, except for the Inferno, which has 34 cantos. So the Commedia is composed of

LEOPARD

symbolizes the sins of the Second to the Fifth Circles of Hell (carnal, gluttons, hoarders/misers, wrathful)

LION

symbolizes the sins of the Sixth to Seventh Circles of Hell (heretics and violent)

SHE – WOLF

symbolizes the sins of the Eighth to Ninth Circles of Hell (fraudulent and traitors)

Beatrice, The Virgin Mary, St. Lucia

Virgil tells Dante to be brave; three women in Heaven are concerned for him.

Who are these three women?

THE GATE AND VESTIBULE OF HELL

Dante and Virgil pass through the wide gates of Hell. They read the inscription there (“Abandon hope, all ye who enter here.”) and enter the

_______________________. They see those who were true only to themselves in their prior life; these people were not rebellious against God and yet they were not committed to Him in their life on earth.

The First Circle of Hell (Limbo)

resides the blameless unbaptized and the virtuous pagans, who, though not sinful, did not accept Chirst (or were before the time of Christ).

The Second Circle of Hell (Lustful and Carnal)

Dante sees Cleopatra and Helen; both had experienced lust and yielded to their desires. From his studies of history and mythology Dante recognizes Achilles and Paris.

The Third Circle of Hell (Gluttons)

The Fourth Circle of Hell (the hoarders, misers and spendthrifts)

Those who squandered are pushing the weights away; those who hoarded are pushing the weights toward themselves.

Luck

Virgil explains that ______________, through Divine Providence, is responsible for the distribution of wealth

The Fifth Circle of Hell (the wrathful)

The passively wrathful are those who lie sighing beneath the mire of the marsh; they had taken no pleasure in life and instead had retreatedinto a black mood or sullenness.

the Styx

Virgil and Dante cross near a bubbling spring

which had cut a cleft in the rock; the pair go down a

stair into a marsh, the ___________

Phlegyas

does not like the fact that Dante and Virgil are only visitors and not to be permanent residents of the area.

City of Dis

The lower parts of Hell, Circles Six to Nine are contained within the walls of ___________, which is surrounded by the Stygian marsh.

The Sixth Circle of Hell (Heretics)

In this circle of hell are those who chose their own opinions instead of following the teaching of the church.

The Seventh Circle of Hell (The Violent)

the violent, and its entry is guarded by the Minotaur.

RING 1

VIOLENT AGAINST PEOPLE AND PROPERTY. It is immersed in Phlegethon, a river of boiling blood. Centaurs patrol the ring and shoots those who try to escape.

RING 2

VIOLENT AGAINST SELF. In this forest are Harpies—creatures with

the bodies of birds and the heads of women.

RING 3

VIOLENT AGAINST GOD, NATURE AND ART.

They next find themselves in a desert pelted by a rain of fire. They find the blasphemers.

BLASPHEMERS

lie prostrate, facing the Heaven they scorned

SODOMITES

run ceaselessly, driven by the restlessness of their passion in life

USURERS

crouch forever over their money bags

The Eighth Circle of Hell (Fraud)

called "Malebolge"; which, roughly translated from Italian, means "evil ditches".

Malebolge

is a large, funnel-shaped cavern, which itself is divided into ten concentric circular trenches or ditches. Each trench is called a "bolgia"

Ditch 1

Panderers, Pimps, and Seducers

Ditch 2

Flatterers

Ditch 3

Simoniacs (those who sell church favours)

Ditch 4

Fortune-Tellers Sorcerers, Astrologers, and False Prophets

Ditch 5

Barrators (corrupt politicians), Grafters (those who sell political favours)

Ditch 6

Hypocrites

Ditch 7

Thieves

Ditch 8

Evil Counselors

Ditch 9

Sowers of Discord