PSYC 111 Clinical Module

states

temporary components of personality

traits

consistent aspects of personality

free association

encouraged to talk, stream of consciousness. Therapists would find consistencies - common during Freudian era.

self-concept

thoughts and feelings tied to “Who Am I?”

induvidualism

trusting and being true to yourself, acting on your self concept

person-situation controversy

does person or situation have more influence in a particular instance?

Narcissism

sense of importance/entitlement

physiognomy

can tell personality based on physical traits

phrenology

the bumps of your skull determine personality traits

four humors

four fluids in your body - proportions of fluids determine personality

unconscious

not in conscious, difficult to pull into consciousness

preconscious

not currently in consciousness, but easily accessible

conscious

things currently on our mind

id

just cares about what you want

ego

interacts with daily world

superego

cares about mortality and social norms

oral

0-18 months; eating, sucking to soothe

anal

18-36 months; potty training important during this stage

phallic

3-6 years; becomes aware of genitals and differences between sexes

edaphus complex and electra complex

latency

6-puberty; repressing any sexual thoughts

genital

puberty onward; act on sexual desires and create romantic relationships

regression defense mechanism

retreating to earlier sexual stage

denial defense mechanism

refusing to accept reality

projection defense mechanism

thoughts and feelings you find bad, and you put them on someone else

displacement

take out negative feelings about yourself and put it on others

reaction formation

thoughts are inappropriate, swing to the opposite side

rationalization

acknowledging behaviors, but coming up with excuses for them

Freud’s Dreams

thought they were key element of psychology, best way to understand unconscious

defense mechanisms

to maintain self-esteem

repression

when you have a traumatic event, you put it into unconscious - doesn’t have a lot of evidence

falsifiability

built on unconscious

trajectory

Freud focuses on one’s past

personal

personal thoughts/information - repression or forgetting

collective

ancestral memories that have been passed down to you - share with your relatives

ancestral memory archetype

emotionally charged images/thoughts that are universal

anima/animus

opposite gender’s internal perspective

shadow

dark and evil instincts

persona

how we present to the world

Big 5

OCEAN - openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

stability

as you get older, your personality becomes more stable

maturity principle

become more agreeable, less neurotic - up to age 40

brain structure

high extraversion = lower brain activity

high in conscientiousness = bigger frontal love

high neuroticism = stronger communication with neurons

Roger’s Person Centered

to create environment for personal growth, you need acceptance, genuineness, and empathy

Eysenck’s Dimensional Theory

only neuroticism and extraversion matter - all personalities are made up of these two components

Allport’s Trait Types

different traits matter for personality: 3 categories of traits

cardinal, central, secondary

evolutuionary

the Big 5 were necessary for survival

genes

identical twins are more likely to have similar personalities than fraternal twins - genes have impact on personality

projective tests

project personality on to ambiguous stimuli

TAT

get a picture and build a story around it

Human Figure drawins

asked to draw a human, more likely to be used on children

personality inventory

very long survey to test personality

MMPI

originally for emotional disorders, now to help understand personality

myers-briggs

based on Jung, not very reliable

comorbidity

two or more psychological disorders at the same time

lifetime prevalence rate

percentage of people who get this disorder across a lifetime

Etiology

cause and developmental history of a disorder

epidemeology

study of distribution of disorder

insanity defense

very rare, rarely successful - committed the crime, but at the time, they were too unstable to understand effects of action

violence rates

mental illness does not lead to higher violence

deviance

how different a behavior is in comparison to general population

maladaptive

how much a behavior interferes with daily functioning

personal distress

how much distress a person experiences when doing a behavior

DSM

holds all recognizable disorders and their symptoms

also tells you how many symptoms you must show to receive diagnosis

neuro-developmental disorders

prominent or required to develop in childhood

Learning disorders

make it difficult to learn information; dyslexia

ADHD

symptoms must present by age 12, inability to focus long-term, excess of energy

ASD

issues with sociality and interactions with others

Major Depressive Disorder

severe, long lasting depression - prevalence rate of 7%

episodes last 6 months-year; have 5/6 across life

Persistent Depressive Disorder

long lasting, but more mild than MDD

anhedonia

inability to feel joy, activities that used to bring happiness leave them feeling empty

helplessness theory

everything is my fault, it’s always my fault - internal, stable

depressive realism

usually more realistic about the world

bipolar disorders

severe depression, mania

mania

DIGFAST - distractibility, indiscretion, grandiosity, flight of ideas, activity increase, sleeplessness, talkativeness

Bipolar I

high depression and mania

strong genetic component

symptoms must last for at least a week

Bipolar II

high depression, less severe mania

cyclothymia

less extreme version of bipolar disorder

Anxiety

very strong negative emotions and physical apprehension

19% prevalence rate

Generalized anxiety disorder

general feeling something bad will happen, not tied to specific trigger

phobias

anxiety surrounding specific trigger

Acrophobia

fear of hights

claustrophobia

fear of small/confined spaces

brontophobia

fear of storms/thunder

hydrophobia

fear of water/drowning

OCD

obsessions (thoughts) and compulsions (behaviors)

Body Dysmorphic disorder

unrealistic perception of physical flaws

PTSD

Traumatic event- hypervigilance, reliving event through memory, lots of reconsolidation

disordered cognitions

misinterpreting harmless situations, focusing on perceived threats, selective recall

Schizophrenia

split from reality, disconnect from reality

very rare - 1%

hallucinations, delusions, and catatonia

hallucinations

sense experiences that happen without external stimuli

delusions

false beliefs/exaggerations not based on reality

catatonia

contort to uncomfortable poses, maintain for a long tim

acute schizophrenia

previously well-adjusted people suddenly show extreme symptoms

chronic schizophrenia

schizophrenia that builds over time

odd-eccentric personality disorders

difficulty relating to others, feel different then others

schizoid personality disorder

don’t seek out relationships with others, no emotional response

dramatic emotional personality disorders

impulsivity, attention seeking

borderline personality disorder

difficulty regulating emotions, maintaining relationships, inconsistent self image

antisocial personality disorder

very little care for social norms, ill tempered

often criminals, cops, politicians

anxious-fearful personality disorders

high levels of anxiety, cope by restricting behaviors. don’t believe anxiety is irrational