Neo-Freudian and Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages

What do Neo-Freudians emphasize in their theories?

They focus on personal narratives and different 'self-states' presented in various situations, rather than solely on internal drives.

How do Neo-Freudians view the role of relationships in personality development?

They believe that relationships, particularly with significant others like mothers, are internalized as mental objects and are more important than internal urges.

What is Erikson's perspective on personality development?

Erikson proposed a stage-based model similar to Freud, where resolution of each stage affects personality.

What is the first stage of Erikson's development theory?

Trust vs. Mistrust, occurring in infancy, where the caregiver's responsiveness lays the foundation for future relationships.

What can happen if an infant's needs are not met during the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?

The individual may become wary of trusting others in the future.

What is the second stage of Erikson's development theory?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, occurring in toddlerhood, where exploration and mastery lead to a sense of autonomy.

What impact does parental restriction have during the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage?

It may lead children to doubt their own abilities.

What is the third stage of Erikson's development theory?

Initiative vs. Guilt, occurring in young childhood, where children assert control over their environment through play and social interaction.

What is the goal of the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

To develop assertiveness and independence, leading to high ambition and goal-setting.

What is the fourth stage of Erikson's development theory?

Industry vs. Inferiority, occurring in elementary school, where success or failure in tasks affects self-esteem.

What can early failures in the Industry vs. Inferiority stage lead to?

Challenges in motivation and self-worth later in life.

What is the fifth stage of Erikson's development theory?

Identity vs. Role Confusion, occurring in adolescence, where individuals explore different identities.

What is identity foreclosure in Erikson's theory?

Allowing others to define one's identity, leading to a lack of personal agency.

What is identity moratorium?

Taking time to explore options and identities before making commitments.

What is the sixth stage of Erikson's development theory?

Intimacy vs. Isolation, occurring in young adulthood, where forming healthy relationships leads to happiness.

What can result from failure to maintain relationships in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

Isolation and loneliness.

What is the seventh stage of Erikson's development theory?

Generativity vs. Stagnation, occurring in adulthood, where individuals reflect on their contributions to society.

What is stagnation in Erikson's theory?

A midlife crisis where individuals feel unfulfilled and question their achievements.

What is the eighth stage of Erikson's development theory?

Integrity vs. Despair, occurring in old age, where individuals reflect on their lives and face the end of life.

What feelings may arise during the Integrity vs. Despair stage?

Feelings of despair may occur if individuals feel they wasted their time or lost opportunities.

What did Ainsworth study in relation to attachment theory?

Attachment styles in infants using the 'strange situations' task.

What characterizes secure attachments in infants?

Majority of babies calm down easily and are happy to see their mother return, indicating a belief in lasting love.