History final study guide

Antebellum North

Factories, textile, industrial, free labor, education,

Antebellum South

farmers, slave labor, cotton king,

southern culture

genteel, cavalier, hospitality

wilmot proviso

pennsylvania democrat

wanted to ban slavery in territories taken from mexico

north supported

amendment passed in house

rejected in senate

compromise of 1850

rejected at first

douglas took it and rolled it out in different parts

henry clay

created the compromise of 1850

from kentucky

whig

ill with tb

daniel webster

from NH

whig

support comp

good speaker

john c. calhoun

from SC

dying

wasn’t able to deliver speech

stephen douglas

organizing nebraska and kansas

chopped up the compromise

millard fillmore

took over as pres when taylor died

supported compromise

against slavery but govt shouldn’t decide

fugitive slave act

required freestates to return runaway slaves to their owners

anthony burns case

escape slave

forced back into slavery

sent from boston back to virginia

northeres mad

abolitionist sentiment increased

12 years a slave

underground railraod

ppl helped and transported escaped slaves

harriet tubman

helped 300 escaped slaves

nicknamed moses

conductor of underground railroad

uncle tom’s cabin

harriet beecher stowe’s novel

depicted horrors of slavery

immense impact on swaying public opinion towards abolitionism

educated the public

kansas nebraska act

divided them into two

slavery will be decided though popular sovereignty

repealed missouri compromise

pottawatomie massacre

pro-slavery men got pulled out of bed

hands gone

stabbings

lwt everyone see how awful the slavery debate can get

border ruffians

pro and anti slavery ppl gone into kansas

trying to make it into a free/slave state

pro slavery ppl didnt even own slaves

missouri ppl crossed into kansas

voted in fraud election

pro-slavery in kansas

bleeding kansas

kansas became violent battlefield between pro/antislavery ppl

sumner-brooks affair

Brooks (SC) attacked Sumner (MA) with his cane to near death

sumner’s speech

anti-slavery

verbally attacked brook’s uncle

then brook attacked

Franklin Pierce

know-nothings

the order of the star-spangled banner

basis for american party

nativist (anti-immigrants)

anti-catholic

anti-irish

irish immigration

anti-irish sentiment

massive wave of irish immigrants came to us during potato famine

poor and catholic

blamed them for crime, disease, prostitution and alcohol abuse

dred scott

slave from missouri

master took him above line

lived in illinois and wisconsin

returned to missouri

owner died sued for freedom

case made it to SCOTUS

lincoln/douglas debates

lincoln challenged douglass ti a series of 7 debates

dem douglas

rep lincoln

The Freeport Doctrine

douglas said that slavery should be decided though popular solvenity

this angered the south

douglas ended up winning the senate seat

John Brown/harpers ferry

Led raid on federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, WV

18 men

aimed to seize weapons and arm slaves

prominent members of society were held hostage

brown was captured by forces led by robert e lee

hanging of john brown

tried for treason

hanged on dec 2

many in north hailed brown as heroic martyr

laid his life for abolitionism

Brown’s actions terrified southerners

part of northern conspiracy

more incidents would follow suit

election of 1860

REP, lincoln

northern DEM: Douglass

southern DEM: Jogn C. breckinridge

constitutional union party: John Bell

Lincoln

16th president

passed 13th amendment

didn’t want to interfere with slavery

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the confederacy

they were made up of Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia

jefferson davis

confederacy president, was a senator of mississippi

Causes of the Civil war

slavery, the south didn’t want lincoln as president so they succeeded.

Effects of the civil war on the north

economy boom - became rich selling war supplies

had money to invest in new businesses

industry and agriculture expanded

effects of the civil war on the south

ended slavery

wrecked industry

killed livestoke, destroyed railroads and farm machinery

effects of the civil war

greatly increased federal power

created paper currency

men had to enroll in the millitary

cornerstone speech

Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens’ speech is remembered by many for its defense of slavery, its outlining of the perceived differences between the North and the South, and the racial rhetoric used to show the inferiority of African Americans.

Ft. Sumter

confederacy demanded union surrender the fort

lincoln was like mmmm reinforce or surrender

he ended up surrendering

attach by davis, anderson surrendered, confederacy won

union states

Maine, New York, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Nevada, and Oregon

border states

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri

confederate states

Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia.

anaconda plan

blockade southern ports

take over mississippi river and split the confederacy in two

capture confederacy capital, Richmond, VA

the battle of bull run

after fr sumter public wanted union to go on the offensive

stonewall jackson stands his ground against union forces

confederacy won

ppl came to battle to watch with little picnics

stonewall jackson

led the battle of bull run, stood his ground, lost an arm died

george mcclellan

after bull run lost lincoln called for 500,000 men, then called fore 500,000 more,

picked mcclellan to led them

army of the potomac

mcclellan was too cautious and self conscious of his fails

nicknamed young napoleon and little mac

Ulysses S. Grant

west point graduate (military academy)

captured confederate fort henry and donelson in TN

suffered from alcoholism and depression

failed at everything but military and president

unconditional surrender he was cool

battle of shiloh

confederates rebel yell surprise Grant’s troops who were stationed at the church in TN

battle was draw

showed how catastrophic war had become

taught each side valuable strategic tactics

Robert E. Lee

head of confederate army

willing to use unorthodox tactics

opposed secession

lincoln wanted him to lead union

he wanted to fight for virginia

his house is a cemetery

married washington’s great granddaughter

David Farragut

union fleet led by him captured new orleans

antietam

the bloodiest single day battle in american history

copy of battle was found inside cigars

ben butler/contraband of war

slaves were considered contraband, illegal to have

emancipation proclamation

freed slaves in open rebellion

conscription

all white men between 20-45 were drafted for 3 years

People could hire substitutes or pay a $300 fee to avoid conscription

* 92% of the 2 million who served in the Union Army were volunteers
* 180,000 of them were African American

mass 54

all black volunteer regiment commanded by shaw

regiment tried to take Ft. wagner, SC 281 men were killed including Shaw

ft. pillow massacre

300 African soldiers and white prisoners of war were executed by the confederacy at ft. pillow

confederate troops were led by nathan bedford forrest, known as butcher of fort pillow

forrest would go on to become the first grand wizard of the kkk

Chancellorsville

virginia

lee forced union general joseph hooker to retreat

stonewall jackson got shot in the arm by confederate soldier, arm amputated later died of pneumonia

lee crossed the potomac and moved in pennsylvania

Gettysburg

gettysburg pennsylvania

vicksburg

mississippi one of the only things in grants way of having control over the river

grant laid siege to the city, bombarding it with artillery and starving its people

city fell on july 4 1863 a day after union won at gettysburg

port hudson the last confederate holdout on the river fell, cutting confederacy in 2

gettysburg address

lincoln delivered the address at cemetery dedication ceremony held for those who got killed in the battle

william t. sherman

commander of the Mississippi division

Total War: War involving attacks against civilians and their property

War of Attrition: Wearing down the Confederates through constant attack

election of 1864

Lincoln told a fellow Republican in the summer of 1864: *“You think I don’t know I am going to be beaten, but I do, and unless some great change takes place, badly beaten.”*

The duration and carnage of the war was making people in the Union want peace

Lee’s Surrender to Grant

Appomattox Court House in Virginia

John Wilkes Booth

killed Lincoln in a theater

13th Amendment

freed slaves unless they broke the law

Emancipation Proclamation

Only applied to areas outside of Union control that were still in open rebellion

Significant because of its symbolic importance and because it gave a moral purpose to the Union cause

Radical Republicans

led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, opposed Lincoln and then Johnson’s leniency on the South

Wanted to destroy the power of former slaveholders

Andrew Johnson

Lincoln’s successor

Unionist Democrat from Tennessee

was lenient on the South as president

Freedmen’s Bureau

Created at the end of the war to help former slaves adjust to their new life by providing land, food, shelter, clothing, jobs, and medical care

Also helped poor Southern whites

black codes

oppressive laws in the South that discriminated against African Americans

can not:

served on juries

carry weapons

marry whites

testify against whites

travel freely

work where they wanted

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

13th: no slavery other than punishment for crime

14th: citizenship

15th: cant decide citizens the right to vote

Impeachment of AJ

house of reps voted to impeach Johnson

because he violated the Tenure of office act - fired edwin m. Stanton

found not guilty

Ulysses S. Grant

overwhelming support from african americans in the south

passed 15th amendment

carpetbaggers

northerners who moved down south after the war to reform Southern society, and or to make money

scalawags

white southerners who supported republican party

Hiram Revels

first African American senator

Sharecropping

kept African Americans and poor whites in a cycle of poverty

landowners allowed African Americans and poor white to work a plot of land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land

tenant farming

kept african americans and poor whites in cycle of poverty

used cash to rent land and got to keep crops

KKK

founded by confederate veterans

\-Intimidated, assaulted, tortured and murdered African Americans

Also terrorized white supporters of Reconstruction and the members of the Republican Party

terrorized everyone

jim crow

minstrel character

oppressive laws in the south that discriminated against African Americans

south during era of segregation and discrimination against African Americans

election of 1876

rep hayes vs dem tilden

tilden won by popular vote

1 electoral vote shy

compromise of 1877

complete withdrawal of troops from south

infrastructural improvements in the south

conservative southerner in Hayes’ cabin

effectively ended reconstruction

segregation

legal in the us according to Plessy v Ferguson

scouts ruled that separate but equal institutions and facilities were indeed constitutional

based on race

lynching

public killing of an individual who had not received dure process

2022

Laissez-Faire

economic policy

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering

Thomas Edison

perfected incandescent light bulb

Bessemer process

process to make steel

Transcontinental Railroad

linked the Atlantic and Pacific coasts

forced us to adopt 4 different time zones

immigrants from China and Ireland worked on railroads

* civil war vests. african Americans and Mexican americans

social darwinism

used to justify the doctrine of laissez faire

appealing to wealthy

poor must be lazy

robber baron

businessmen and idustrialists who grew extremely wealthy

by paying low wages, creating monopolies and controlling the market

carnegie, rockefeller, vanderbilt, jp morgan, gould

andrew carnegie

controlled almost the entire steel industry

used vertical integration - buying out suppliers to control materials

horizontal integration - merged with competing companies

jay gould

“I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other hald”

financier and railroad tycoon

cornelius vanderbilt

known as the commodore

was wealthiest man in the US built his wealth in railroads and shipping

John D. Rockerfeller

founder of standard oil company

controlled industry by mergers and buying out competition

monopoly

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buying out competition

trusts

firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices - establishing monopoly

urbanization

growth of cities

most immigrants settled in cities where they could get cheap housing and factory jobs

tenements

big apartment buildings