Academic Decathlon 2022-23: Art Section 2

Pendant portraits

Elizabethan style of portraiture (as opposed to Grand Manner style) inspired by court paintings of Anthony van Dyck; linear and heavily focused on costume details. John Freake (c. 1671) and Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary (c. 1674) exemplify the tradition.

Itinerant limner

A self-taught painter who moved from place to place, who would paint signage as well as formal portraits. The unknown painter of John Freake (c. 1671) and Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary (c. 1674) was probably an itinerant limner

Pendant portraits demonstrate what?

The religious devotion and wealth of the sitters.

Puritans rejected religious paintings in ___________________________________, as they associated it with excess and idolatry, but _____________________________ could be used as a means of demonstrating piety - to communicate the presence of God's blessing in subtle ways.

their places of worship/portraiture

In his portrait (John Freake), Freake's wealth is signaled by the rich materials on display, including __________________, __________________, and _______________.

intricate lace collar, elaborate cuffs, and gloves

In his wife Elizabeth's portrait (Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary), Freake's wealth is signaled by her __________________, __________________, and _______________.

pearl necklace, garnet bracelet, and gold ring

In the Freakes' portraiture, the dark, neutral background accomplishes what?

It further focuses attention on the details of dress and accessories.

In Thomas Smith's Self-Portrait (c. 1680), the artist is pictured in the foreground, with a window view of _______________________________________________.

a seascape showing Dutch and English ships

In Thomas Smith's Self-Portrait, his hand rests upon __________________________, which is a "memento mori" symbol, a Latin phrase meaning __________________________.

a skull/"remember that you will die"

The use of the "memento mori" in Thomas Smith's portraiture is meant to suggest that ____________________________________________________________________________.

earthly wealth and accomplishments are meaningless in the face of the afterlife

Thomas Smith's portrait specifically illustrates what theme (in regard to the skull)?

The futility of material wealth in the face of mortality.

Colonial folk portraiture is characterized by its _____________________ and ____________________.

flatness and linearity

John Smibert

First academically trained artist to live and work in the colonies.

Smibert's "groundbreaking painting" (year: __________) was called ______________________________________. It showed ________________________________________.

1728/The Bermuda Group (Dean Berkeley and his Etourage)/complex arrangement of figures in different poses.

Smibert was an important influence on the next generation of American painters, including ______________________, whose Paul Revere looks like a young ________________________________ (according to Mrs. Castle).

John Singleton Copley (1738-1815)/Jack Black

How many children did Copley and his wife have?

Six

Where was Copley born?

Boston

Why was Copley highly sought after in Boston?

Copley made richly detailed and lifelike portraits.

Whose studio contents did Copley purchase when he was about 16?

John Smibert

What three artists directly influenced Copley?

Peter Pelham, John Smibert, Benjamin West

What painting did Copley send to the Society of Artists of Great Britain, and whose attention did it attract?

Boy with a Flying Squirrel, Benjamin West

Who did Copley marry, and what was her father's occupation?

Susanna Farmham Clarke, merchant

What might have persuaded Copley to leave Boston?

His father-in-law was a loyalist who had lost cargo during the Boston Tea Party

From whom did Copley learn art basics?

His step-father, Peter Pelham

Which famous Patriot figure did Copley become acquainted and were friends with?

Paul Revere

What aspect was highlighted from Copley's ability to convicingly paint a range of textures?

Realism

Which one of Copley's friends before they became a Patriot did he make a famous portrait of?

Paul Revere

Who was Copely's father-in-law?

Richard Clarke

Which patriot was Copley's neighbor on Beacon Hill?

John Hancock

Which of the following reasons best explains why Copley left the country for London?

The Boston Tea Party occurred and Copley was acquainted with Loyalist and Patriot factions

Which of the following families left America, but never returned?

Copley's family

Which of the following men was engraved on a drawing by Revere and was Copley's half-brother?

Henry Pelham

What was the origin of Wheatley first name?

it was the name of the slave ship that carried her to the Americas

Who taught Wheatley how to read Greek, Latin, and English?

Susanna Wheatley (her slaveowner) and her daughter Mary

In which newspaper was Wheatley's first poem published?

Rhode Island Newport Mercury (in 1767)

Which one of Wheatley's poems led to her rise in fame?

elegiac poem to Reverend George Whitefield (one of founders of Methodism)

Who did Wheatley dedicate her first book to?

Selena Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon

What was Wheatley's first and only book called?

Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral

What poem did Wheatley write to commemorate the end of the Revolutionary War?

Liberty and Peace. A Poem

By what year was Whealtey a free woman?

1774

Who did Wheatley marry, and when did she marry him?

John Peters (1778)

How and when did Wheatley die?

Wheatley died giving birth to her 3rd child. (1784)

What was a Sampler?

It was a peice of needle work that often had variuos stiches including the alphabet, as many women were not allowed to learn the alphabet

Where were young middleclass women in Boston, Newport and Philidelphia often sent?

They were often sent to private academies to be taught needlework, music and watercolor painting.

What were these womens only way to display their creativity?

They had annual exhibitions for the women to publicly display their creativity, awards were often given out for excellence(This was before women were allowed to join the fine arts academy).

What did Prudence Punderson create in her art?

She created a continuous narrative that showed the three stategs of a common women's life.

What was wrtitten on the bottom of Prudence Punderson's piece?

It read "The First, Second and Last Scene or Mortality".

Shat are the dimensions of the Punderson's embroidery ?

13in tall by 17in wide

What does the painting in the right side of Punderson's embroidery depict?

a woman leaning against a wall and a medieval guard/soldier standing behind her

What is written on the coffin in the left side of Punderson's embroidery?

P.P. (the initials for herself, presumably)

What is above the PP coffin in the left side of Punderson's embroidery?

a covered mirror

What was the life expectancy of New Englander women, and at what age did Punderson die?

average- 42, Punderson- 26 (after giving birth to her first child)

How many siblings did Prudence Punderson have?

7

Who was the husband of Prudence Punderson?

Dr. Timothy Wells Rossiter

What state was Prudence Punderson born in?

Connecticut

When did Prudence Punderson marry Rossiter?

Following the American revolution, 1758

What is seen on the right side of The First, Second, and Last Scene of Mortality?

Baby in a cradle, tended by black female servant

Patience Wright was born in the year ____ in ______, ______

1725, Bordertown, New Jersey

What did Patience Wright do to support her family after the death of her husband?

Created portrait sculptures and waxworks of notable figures

Wax sculpture was a popular medium but was not considered ____ ___, and such works were exhibited at ____ rather than salons or galleries.

fine art, fairs

Why did Patiece Wright decide to move to London in 1772?

Her studio in New York was destroyed by a fire in 1771

Why do few of Wright's wax sculptures remain today?

Wax is a delicate medium subject to breakage and damage from temperature changes.

What is the name of one of Patience Wright's surviving sculptures that can be found in the collection of Westminster Abbey?

Sir William Pitt. Earl of Chatham

Patience Wright sculpted Pitt's facial expressions to convey ______ as well as _______. Wright referred to Pitt as a "_____ _____" of America because he was a vocal proponent of the colonies.

intelligence, compassion, Guardian Angel

What did Wright plan to carry out becfore her dealth in 1786?

Embark upon a series of monuments honoring the heroes of the Revolutionary War.

Wright's unusual working technique gave the impression that Wright would ____ ____ to her sculptures.

give birth

Why was Pine excluded from the group that founded the British Royal Academy of Art?

Because of his radical politics

Sculpturing process can be ______ or _______.

Additive, Subtractive

Why was wax traditionally use to create effigies?

It's an organic material, bore an uncanny resemblance to human flesh

Waxwork dsplays of human figures are commonly associated with ____ ______ rather than fine art.

popular entertainment

Though it was unusual for a women of this era to have a public profile, Wright received a lot of attention for both her ______ and her outspoken _____ ______.

artwork, political beliefs

What religion were Patience Wright's parents?

Quaker

What were the main subjects of Patience Wright's art pieces?

Portraits of wealthy patrons and prominent figures

Who was Patience Wright's sister?

Rachel Wells

Who painted the portrait of Patience Wright and when?

Robert Edge Pine, 1782

Who were some of the notable figures Patience Wright worked with?

Reverend Whitefield (evangelist), the lieutenant governer of New York, Benjamin Franklin, King George, Queen Charlotte, Countess of Huntingdon

Where was Pine born and where did he move to?

Born in London, moved to Philadelphia

What is on Patience Wright's lap in her portrait?

A lump of wax covered in gauze.

What was Patience Wright an advocate for?

American independence and the rights of women

What was Patience Wright's unorthodox sculpting technique?

She used the body heat of her thighs to heat the wax and make it malleable.

How did Patience Wright pass information to Benjamin Franklin in Paris?

Inside a wax head

What was Sir William Pitt known for?

Defending colonial rights against the stamp act as Prime Minister

What is subtractive sculpting?

When material is carved out or removed. (wood, marble, granite)

What is additive scultpitng?

When material is added and molded to create forms. (wax, clay)

What is Sir William Pitt wearing/doing in his portrait statue?

Right arm extended, scroll in hand, wig, parlimentary robes, viens and tiny hairs included

How did the Revolutionary War affect Patience Wright?

She lost her English clients due to her outspoken Patriotism.

Where and when was Gilbert Stuart born?

Newport, Rhode Island in 1755

Where did Gilbert Stuart go to study, and when?

England in 1777

Who did Gilbert Stuart meet and study with in England?

Benjamin West

Where did Gilbert Stuart first flee to escape his debtors?

Ireland

When Gilbert Stuart escaped to America, where did he arrive and when?

Philadelphia in 1793

Which British portraitists influenced Stuart's The Skater?

Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Gainsborough, and George Romney

What aspects of Stuart's The Skater showed British influence?

feathery, loose, and impressionistic brushwork

About how many paintings of Washington did Stuart paint from 1795 to 1825?

Over 100.

What categories new to the generally skeptical American populace were promoted by the fine arts?

Both nation and president.

How did Stuart argue his right to keep the Athenaeum?

He kept it unfinished.

Who was the Lansdowne portrait commissioned by?

By Senator William Bingham of Pennyslvania.

What is the significance of Washington's posture within the Lansdowne portrait?

It signals intent to make a public address.

What did the eagles and arrows on Washington's medallion symbolize?

The Iroquois Federacy.

What is Stuart's most recognizable painting?

Athenaeum portrait